Biopolym. Cell. 1993; 9(3):3-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000354
Огляди
Ампліфікація генів і стійскість до гербіцидів рослин
1Черепенко О. Й.
  1. Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України
    Вул. Академіка Заболотного, 150, Київ, Україна, 03680

Abstract

В огляді стисло описані основні риси процесу ампліфікації генів і охарактеризовані експериментальні системи вивчення цього процесу як у еукаріот, так і прокаріотів. Підсумовані останні дані по виявленню генної ампліфікації у рослин, в результаті чого останні придбали стійкість до антиметаболітів, які використовуються як гербіциди. Показано, що при дослідженні механізму цього явища виділяються два напрями: один з них пов'язано з вивченням області ori реплікації ДНК на окремих ділянках генома, інше – з аналізом рекомбінантних структур ампліфікованих ділянок ДНК.
Повний текст: (PDF, російською)

References

[1] Kolchanov NA, Solovyov VV, DNA rearrangements on sites repetition and evolution of genes. Results of science and technology. VINITI (Ser Molekulyarnaya biologiya, Vol. 21) 1985: 81-122.
[2] Khasanov FK, Bashkirov VI, Prozorov AA. Amplification of plasmid DNA inserted into the Bacillus subtilis chromosome]. Genetika. 1987;23(1):14-20.
[3] Cherepenko EI, Malyuta SS. New possibilities of detoxification of herbicides in plants and the environment. Usp Sovrem Biol. 1990; 110(3(6)):461-74.
[4] Cherepenko EI, Galkin AP. The problem of DNA replication and genetic manipulation of plants. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1987. 161 p.
[5] Albertini AM, Hofer M, Calos MP, Miller JH. On the formation of spontaneous deletions: the importance of short sequence homologies in the generation of large deletions. Cell. 1982;29(2):319-28.
[6] Alitalo K, Schwab M. Oncogene amplification in tumor cells. Adv Cancer Res. 1986;47:235-81.
[7] Anachkova B, Hamlin JL. Replication in the amplified dihydrofolate reductase domain in CHO cells may initiate at two distinct sites, one of which is a repetitive sequence element. Mol Cell Biol. 1989;9(2):532-40.
[8] Anderson RP, Roth JR. Tandem genetic duplications in phage and bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1977;31:473-505. Review.
[9] Bebbington C, Hentshell C. The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells. DNA cloning. New York: Acad, press, 1987. Vol. 3: 163-88.
[10] Brevet A, Chen J, Lévêque F, Plateau P, Blanquet S. In vivo synthesis of adenylylated bis(5'-nucleosidyl) tetraphosphates (Ap4N) by Escherichia coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(21):8275-9.
[11] Cockett MI, Bebbington CR, Yarranton GT. High level expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in Chinese hamster ovary cells using glutamine synthetase gene amplification. Biotechnology (N Y). 1990;8(7):662-7.
[12] Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL. Matrix attachment regions are positioned near replication initiation sites, genes, and an interamplicon junction in the amplified dihydrofolate reductase domain of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8(12):5398-409.
[13] Donn G, Tischer E, Smith JA, Goodman HM. Herbicide-resistant alfalfa cells: an example of gene amplification in plants. J Mol Appl Genet. 1984;2(6):621-35.
[14] Dotto GP, Zinder ND. Increased intracellular concentration of an initiator protein markedly reduces the minimal sequence required for initiation of DNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(5):1336-40.
[15] Edlund T, Normark S. Recombination between short DNA homologies causes tandem duplication. Nature. 1981;292(5820):269-71.
[16] Endicott JA, Ling V. The biochemistry of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:137-71.
[17] Friedman JS, Cofer CL, Anderson CL, Kushner JA, Gray PP, Chapman GE, et al. High Expression in Mammalian Cells Without Amplification. Bio/Technology. 1989;7(4):359–62.
[18] Garvey EP, Santi DV. Stable amplified DNA in drug-resistant Leishmania exists as extrachromosomal circles. Science. 1986;233(4763):535-40.
[19] Gasser CS, Winter JA, Hironaka CM, Shah DM. Structure, expression, and evolution of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase genes of petunia and tomato. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(9):4280-7.
[20] Gudkov AV, Chernova OB, Kazarov AR, Kopnin BP. Cloning and characterization of DNA sequences amplified in multidrug-resistant Djungarian hamster and mouse cells. Somat Cell Mol Genet. 1987;13(6):609-19.
[21] Gudkov AV, Kopnin BP. Gene amplification and multi-drug resistance. Sov Sci Rev D. Physicochem. Biol. 1987; 7: 95-136.
[22] Gutterson NI, Koshland DE Jr. Replacement and amplification of bacterial genes with sequences altered in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80(16):4894-8.
[23] Hamlin JL, Milbrandt JD, Heintz NH, Azizkhan JC. DNA sequence amplification in mammalian cells. Int Rev Cytol. 1984;90:31-82.
[24] Hamer DH. Metallothionein. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:913-51.
[25] Handeli S, Klar A, Meuth M, Cedar H. Mapping replication units in animal cells. Cell. 1989;57(6):909-20.
[26] Heintz NH, Hamlin JL. An amplified chromosomal sequence that includes the gene for dihydrofolate reductase initiates replication within specific restriction fragments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(13):4083-7.
[27] Hyrien O, Debatisse M, Buttin G, de Saint Vincent BR. The multicopy appearance of a large inverted duplication and the sequence at the inversion joint suggest a new model for gene amplification. EMBO J. 1988;7(2):407-17.
[28] Jensen SL, Ashktorab H, Hughes JE, Welker DL. Gene amplification associated with the dominant cob-354 cobalt resistance trait in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Gen Genet. 1989;220(1):25-32.
[29] Israël N, Chenciner N, Streeck RE. Amplifiable expression vectors for mammalian cell lines. Gene. 1987;51(2-3):197-204.
[30] Kafatos FC, Orr W, Delidakis C. Developmetally regulated gene amplification. Trends Genet. 1985;1:301–6.
[31] Kishore GM, Shah DM. Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors as herbicides. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988;57:627-63.
[32] Klee HJ, Muskopf YM, Gasser CS. Cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase: sequence analysis and manipulation to obtain glyphosate-tolerant plants. Mol Gen Genet. 1987;210(3):437-42.
[33] Kleinberger T, Flint YB, Blank M, Etkin S, Lavi S. Carcinogen-induced trans activation of gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8(3):1366-70.
[34] Lin RJ, Capage M, Hill CW. A repetitive DNA sequence, rhs, responsible for duplications within the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. J Mol Biol. 1984;177(1):1-18.
[35] Looney JE, Ma C, Leu TH, Flintoff WF, Troutman WB, Hamlin JL. The dihydrofolate reductase amplicons in different methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster cell lines share at least a 273-kilobase core sequence, but the amplicons in some cell lines are much larger and are remarkably uniform in structure. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8(12):5268-79.
[36] Meinkoth J, Killary AM, Fournier RE, Wahl GM. Unstable and stable CAD gene amplification: importance of flanking sequences and nuclear environment in gene amplification. Mol Cell Biol. 1987;7(4):1415-24.
[37] Mouchès C, Pasteur N, Bergé JB, Hyrien O, Raymond M, de Saint Vincent BR, de Silvestri M, Georghiou GP. Amplification of an esterase gene is responsible for insecticide resistance in a California Culex mosquito. Science. 1986;233(4765):778-80.
[38] Jannière L, Niaudet B, Pierre E, Ehrlich SD. Stable gene amplification in the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis. Gene. 1985;40(1):47-55.
[39] Orr-Weaver TL, Johnston CG, Spradling AC. The role of ACE3 in Drosophila chorion gene amplification. EMBO J. 1989;8(13):4153-62.
[40] Ouellette M, Fase-Fowler F, Borst P. The amplified H circle of methotrexate-resistant leishmania tarentolae contains a novel P-glycoprotein gene. EMBO J. 1990;9(4):1027-33.
[41] Pasion SG, Hartigan JA, Kumar V, Biswas DK. DNA sequence responsible for the amplification of adjacent genes. DNA. 1987;6(5):419-28.
[42] Passananti C, Davies B, Ford M, Fried M. Structure of an inverted duplication formed as a first step in a gene amplification event: implications for a model of gene amplification. EMBO J. 1987;6(6):1697-703.
[43] Peterson BC, Rownd RH. Homologous sequences other than insertion elements can serve as recombination sites in plasmid drug resistance gene amplification. J Bacteriol. 1983;156(1):177-85.
[44] Peterson DS, Walliker D, Wellems TE. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(23):9114-8.
[45] Rice GC, Hoy C, Schimke RT. Transient hypoxia enhances the frequency of dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(16):5978-82.
[46] Rice GC, Ling V, Schimke RT. Frequencies of independent and simultaneous selection of Chinese hamster cells for methotrexate and doxorubicin (adriamycin) resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(24):9261-4.
[47] Robert de Saint Vincent B, Hyrien O, Debatisse M, Buttin G. Coamplification of mu class glutathione S-transferase genes and an adenylate deaminase gene in coformycin-resistant Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Eur J Biochem. 1990;193(1):19-24.
[48] Ruiz JC, Wahl GM. Formation of an inverted duplication can be an initial step in gene amplification. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8(10):4302-13.
[49] Ruiz JC, Wahl GM. Chromosomal destabilization during gene amplification. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10(6):3056-66.
[50] Schimke RT. Gene amplification in cultured animal cells. Cell. 1984;37(3):705-13.
[51] Schimke RT, Sherwood SW, Hill AB, Johnston RN. Overreplication and recombination of DNA in higher eukaryotes: potential consequences and biological implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(7):2157-61.
[52] Schimke RT. Gene amplification in cultured cells. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(13):5989-92. Review.
[53] Shah DM, Horsch RB, Klee HJ, Kishore GM, Winter JA, Tumer NE, Hironaka CM, Sanders PR, Gasser CS, Aykent S, Siegel NR, Rogers SG, Fraley RT. Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants. Science. 1986;233(4762):478-81.
[54] Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, Holt JA, Wong SG, Keith DE, Levin WJ, Stuart SG, Udove J, Ullrich A, et al. Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science. 1989;244(4905):707-12.
[55] Spradling A, Orr-Weaver T. Regulation of DNA replication during Drosophila development. Annu Rev Genet. 1987;21:373-403.
[56] Stark GR, Wahl GM. Gene amplification. Annu Rev Biochem. 1984;53:447-91.
[57] Stark GR, Debatisse M, Giulotto E, Wahl GM. Recent progress in understanding mechanisms of mammalian DNA amplification. Cell. 1989;57(6):901-8.
[58] Steinrücken HC, Schulz A, Amrhein N, Porter CA, Fraley RT. Overproduction of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in a glyphosate-tolerant Petunia hybrida cell line. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986;244(1):169-78.
[59] Stephens PE, Cockett MI. The construction of a highly efficient and versatile set of mammalian expression vectors. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989;17(17):7110-9.
[60] Srimatkandada S, Schweitzer BI, Moroson BA, Dube S, Bertino JR. Amplification of a polymorphic dihydrofolate reductase gene expressing an enzyme with decreased binding to methotrexate in a human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT-8R4, resistant to this drug. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(6):3524-8.
[61] Taira M, Koike K. Gene amplification. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 1984;29(3):152-63.
[62] Tischer E, DasSarma S, Goodman HM. Nucleotide sequence of an alfalfa glutamine synthetase gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1986;203(2):221–9.
[63] Tlsty TD, Albertini AM, Miller JH. Gene amplification in the lac region of E. coli. Cell. 1984;37(1):217-24.
[64] Tlsty TD, Brown PC, Schimke RT. UV radiation facilitates methotrexate resistance and amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in cultured 3T6 mouse cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1984;4(6):1050-6.
[65] Van der Bliek AM, Van der Velde-Koerts T, Ling V, Borst P. Overexpression and amplification of five genes in a multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Mol Cell Biol. 1986;6(5):1671-8.
[66] Varshavsky A. Do stalled replication forks synthesize a specific alarmone? J Theor Biol. 1983;105(4):707-14.
[67] Varshavsky A. Diadenosine 5′, 5′′′-P1, P4-tetraphosphate: a pleiotropically acting alarmone? Cell. 1983;34(3):711–2.
[68] Vaughn JP, Dijkwel PA, Mullenders LH, Hamlin JL. Replication forks are associated with the nuclear matrix. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18(8):1965-9.
[69] Vaughn JP, Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL. Replication initiates in a broad zone in the amplified CHO dihydrofolate reductase domain. Cell. 1990;61(6):1075-87.
[70] Walton JD, Paquin CE, Kaneko K, Williamson VM. Resistance to antimycin A in yeast by amplification of ADH4 on a linear, 42 kb palindromic plasmid. Cell. 1986;46(6):857-63.
[71] Whoriskey SK, Nghiem VH, Leong PM, Masson JM, Miller JH. Genetic rearrangements and gene amplification in Escherichia coli: DNA sequences at the junctures of amplified gene fusions. Genes Dev. 1987;1(3):227–37.
[72] Wilson CM, Serrano AE, Wasley A, Bogenschutz MP, Shankar AH, Wirth DF. Amplification of a gene related to mammalian mdr genes in drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Science. 1989;244(4909):1184-6.
[73] Wahl GM, Robert de Saint Vincent B, DeRose ML. Effect of chromosomal position on amplification of transfected genes in animal cells. Nature. 1984 Feb 9-15;307(5951):516-20.
[74] Woodcock DM, Cooper IA. Gene amplification. Cancer Res. 1981; 41:2483-90.
[75] Zamecnik P. Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A): its role in cellular metabolism. Anal Biochem. 1983;134(1):1-10.
[76] Young M. Gene amplification in Bacillus subtilis. J Gen Microbiol. 1984;130(7):1613-21.