Biopolym. Cell. 2001; 17(2):109-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0005A3
Огляди
Пухлина – сучасне бачення її природи з позицій молекулярної генетики
1Кордюм В. А.
  1. Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України
    Вул. Академіка Заболотного, 150, Київ, Україна, 03680

Abstract

В огляді проблема онкогенезу розглядається з позицій молеку­лярної генетики. Особливу увагу приділено нестабільності геному як основній причині виникнення злоякісного росту клітин. Відзначається, що нестабільність геному постачає матеріал для добору. Імунний нагляд, прибираючи все, що він у змозі прибрати, формує у кожного хворого «свою» пухлину, яка не сприймається ним (імунним наглядом) як така, що підлягяє знищенню.
Повний текст: (PDF, російською)

References

[1] Mulvihill JJ, Talley KV. Catalog of human cancer genes: McKusick's Mendelian inheritance in man for clinical and research oncologists (Onco-Min). Hardcover, 1999.
[2] Oncogenes (Frontiers in molecular biology series). Ed. Glover. 1999.
[3] Ross DW. Introduction to oncogenes and molecular cancer medicine (Paperback). 1998.
[4] Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in human malignancies (Cancer treatment and research, ctar 63). Eds C. C. Benz, E. T. Liu. Hardcover, 1993.
[5] Oncogenes and tumor suppressors (Frontiers in molecular biology). Eds G. Peters, K. H. Vousden. Hardcover, 1997.
[6] Oncogenes as transcriptional regulators (Progress in gene expressio). Eds M. Yaniv, J. Ghysdael. Hardcover, 1997.
[7] Yaniv M. Oncogenes as transcriptional regulators. Hardcover, 1997.
[8] Protooncogenes in cell development (Symp. No. 150). Eds G. Bock, J. Marsh. Chichester, 1990.
[9] Prasad DK. Est oncogene family. Indian J Esp Biol. 1997; 35(4):315-22.
[10] Morris DW, Dutra JC. Identification of a MMTV insertion mutation within the coding region of the Fgf-3 protooncogene. Virology. 1997;238(1):161-5.
[11] Miyakis S, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Differential expression and mutation of the ras family genes in human breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;251(2):609-12.
[12] Lohmann DR. RB1 gene mutations in retinoblastoma. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(4):283-8.
[13] Frazier MW, He X, Wang J, Gu Z, Cleveland JL, Zambetti GP. Activation of c-myc gene expression by tumor-derived p53 mutants requires a discrete C-terminal domain. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(7):3735-43.
[14] Chouaib S. Molecular basic of tumor resistance to the cytotoxic action of tumor necrosis factor: Abstrs 1st Arab Int Congr Cancer (Dubai, 16-20 Nov 1998). Anticancer Res. 1999; 19(3a):2021-2.
[15] Howells RE, Dhar K, Redman CW, Ayres K, Holland T, Hand PR, Musgrove C, Aldersea J, Hoban P, Jones PW. P53 expression in ovarian cancer. Association with glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and survival: Abstrs Spring Sci. Meet. (Liverpool, May, 1999). Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999; 106(9): 997-8.
[16] Maciel MS, Maia MA, Ferreira F, Mourao M, Veigas C. Breast sarcoma: p53 and clinicopathological study: [Pap.] Int. Union Against Cancer 17th Int. Cancer Congr. (Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 23-28, 1998). J Surg Oncol. 1999; 70(2): 139.
[17] Venkatachalam S, Donehower LA. Murine tumor suppressor models. Mutat Res. 1998;400(1-2):391-407.
[18] Saldanha G, Jjones JL, Shaw J, Pringke H, Walker R, Fletcher A. Breast cancer cell line invasion and Hedgechog pathway dysregulation: Abstrs 17th Meet. Pathol. Soc. Gr. Brit, and Irel. (Leicester, 1-3 July, 1998). J Pathol. 1998; 186(Suppl):23.
[19] Wu CL, Roz L, McKown S, Sloan P, Read AP, Holland S, Porter S, Scully C, Paterson I, Tavassoli M, Thakker N. DNA studies underestimate the major role of CDKN2A inactivation in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(1):16-25.
[20] Pezzella M. British find gene that, like p53, may help trigger half of cancers. Biotechnol Newswatch. 1999; 18:16.
[21] Wahl GM, Linke SP, Paulson TG, Huang LC. Maintaining genetic stability through TP53 mediated checkpoint control. Cancer Surv. 1997;29:183-219.
[22] Mendoza S, Konishi T, Dernell WS, Withrow SJ, Miller CW. Status of the p53, Rb and MDM2 genes in canine osteosarcoma. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(6A):4449-53.
[23] Gleich ML, Gluckman JL, Hanna E, Suen JY, Villaret DB, Coltrera MD, Wolf GT, Gapany M, Castro DJ, Gillespie D. Alloantigen gene therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Abstrs Chemother. Found. Symp. 16 Innov. Cancer Ther. Tomorrow (New York City, Nov 11-13, 1998). Cancer Invest. 1999; 17(Suppl 1): 54.
[24] Aizawa S, Kamisaku H, Watanabe JC, Yoshida JC, Hirabayashi Y, Inoue T. Role of loss of wild-type p53 gene in radiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis from p53 heterozygous (-. +) mice: Abstrs 41st Annu Meet Jap Radiat Res Soc. (Nagasaki, Dec 2-4, 1998). J Radiat Res. 1998; 39(4): 404.
[25] zur Hausen H. Papillomavirus and p53. Nature. 1998;393(6682):217.
[26] Sarkar MA, Vadlamuri SV, Nseyo V. Expression of CYR1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A3 mRNA in human bladder tissues. 11 Int. Symp. Microsomes and Drug Oxid. (Los Angeles, July 21-24, 1996: Final program and Abstrs). Los Angeles, 1996: 221.
[27] Naora H. Altered cellular responses by varying expression of a ribosomal protein gene: sequential coordination of enhancement and suppression of ribosomal protein S3a gene expression induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 1998;141(3):741–53.
[28] Giles RH, Peters DJ, Breuning MH. Conjunction dysfunction: CBP/p300 in human disease. Trends Genet. 1998;14(5):178-83.
[29] Vaughan PS, van der Meijden CM, Aziz F, Harada H, Taniguchi T, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. Cell cycle regulation of histone H4 gene transcription requires the oncogenic factor IRF-2. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(1):194-9.
[30] Gross A, McDonnell JM, Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1999;13(15):1899-911.
[31] Xu PX, Adams J, Peters H, Brown MC, Heaney S, Maas R. Eya1-deficient mice lack ears and kidneys and show abnormal apoptosis of organ primordia. Nat Genet. 1999;23(1):113-7.
[32] Schlichtholz B, Bouchind'homme B, Pag?s S, Martin E, Liva S, Magdelenat H, Sastre-Garau X, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Soussi T. p53 mutations in BRCA1-associated familial breast cancer. Lancet. 1998;352(9128):622.
[33] Yokoyama Y, Tsuchida S, Sato S, Saito Y. Prognostic significance of glutathione S-transferase ? and c-Jun in epithelial ovarian cancers. International J Clin Oncol. 1998;3(5):281–6.
[34] Hughes SJ, Glover TW, Zhu XX, Kuick R, Thoraval D, Orringer MB, Beer DG, Hanash S. A novel amplicon at 8p22-23 results in overexpression of cathepsin B in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(21):12410-5.
[35] Rizwana R, Hahn PJ. CpG islands and double-minute chromosomes. Genomics. 1998;51(2):207-15.
[36] Schwab M. Amplification of oncogenes in human cancer cells. Bioessays. 1998;20(6):473-9.
[37] Avet-Loiseau H, Godon C, Li JY, Daviet A, Mellerin MP, Talmant P, Harousseau JL, Bataille R. Amplification of the 11q23 region in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;26(2):166-70.
[38] Cuthbert G, McCullough S, Finney R, Breese G, Bown N. Jumping translocation at 11q23 with MLL gene rearrangement and interstitial telomeric sequences. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;24(4):295-8.
[39] Kwong YL, Pang A. Low frequency of rearrangements of the homeobox gene HOXA9/t(7;11) in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(1):70-4.
[40] Abujiang P, Mori TJ, Takahashi T, Tanaka F, Kasyu I, Hitomi S, Hiai H. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 17q and 14q in human lung cancers. Oncogene. 1998;17(23):3029-33.
[41] Evans MF, Koreth J, Bakkenist CJ, Herrington CS, McGee JO. Allelic deletion at 11q23.3-q25 is an early event in cervical neoplasia. Oncogene. 1998;16(19):2557-64.
[42] Karnik P, Chen P, Paris M, Yeger H, Williams BR. Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 11p15 in Wilms tumors: identification of two independent regions. Oncogene. 1998;17(2):237-40.
[43] Schmidt H, W?rl P, Taubert H, Meye A, Bache M, Holzhausen HJ, Hinze R. Genomic imbalances of 7p and 17q in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are clinically relevant. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(3):205-11.
[44] Virmani AK, Fong KM, Kodagoda D, McIntire D, Hung J, Tonk V, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Allelotyping demonstrates common and distinct patterns of chromosomal loss in human lung cancer types. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1998;21(4):308-19.
[45] Watson RH, Neville PJ, Roy WJ Jr, Hitchcock A, Campbell IG. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 7p, 7q, 9p and 11q is an early event in ovarian tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 1998;17(2):207-12.
[46] Wright K, Wilson PJ, Kerr J, Do K, Hurst T, Khoo SK, Ward B, Chenevix-Trench G. Frequent loss of heterozygosity and three critical regions on the short arm of chromosome 8 in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Oncogene. 1998;17(9):1185-8.
[47] Bevan S, Houlston RS. Genetic predisposition to gastric cancer. QJM. 1999;92(1):5-10.
[48] Percesepe A, Kristo P, Aaltonen LA, Ponz de Leon M, de la Chapelle A, Peltom?ki P. Mismatch repair genes and mononucleotide tracts as mutation targets in colorectal tumors with different degrees of microsatellite instability. Oncogene. 1998;17(2):157-63.
[49] Kujawski M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Gabriel A, Szyfter K, Knuutila S. Recurrent DNA copy number losses associated with metastasis of larynx carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;26(3):253-7.
[50] Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 1998;396(6712):643-9.
[51] Maesawa C, Ogasawara S, Iwaya T, Ishida JC, Tamura G. Advances in genetic research of esophageal carcinoma. Iwate igaku zasshi. J Iwate Med Assoc. 1999; 50(6):577-91.
[52] Ahmadian A, Ren ZP, Williams C, Pont?n F, Odeberg J, Pont?n J, Uhl?n M, Lundeberg J. Genetic instability in the 9q22.3 region is a late event in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 1998;17(14):1837-43.
[53] Tsao H, Benoit E, Sober AJ, Thiele C, Haluska FG. Novel mutations in the p16/CDKN2A binding region of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 gene. Cancer Res. 1998;58(1):109-13.
[54] Nikiforov YE, Nikiforova M, Fagin JA. Prevalence of minisatellite and microsatellite instability in radiation-induced post-Chernobyl pediatric thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene. 1998;17(15):1983-8.
[55] Minnick DT, Kunkel TA. DNA synthesis errors, mutators and cancer. Cancer Surv. 1996;28:3-20.
[56] Genetic instability in cancer (Cancer surveys series advances and prospects in clinical epidemiological and laboratory oncology). Ed. T. Undahl. Hardcover, 1996. Vol. 28.
[57] Genetic instability and tumorigenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1996; 221:
[58] Olschwang S. Germline mutation and genome instability. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8 Suppl 1:S33-7.
[59] Ried T, Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Blegen H, Schr?ck E, Auer G. Genomic changes defining the genesis, progression, and malignancy potential in solid human tumors: a phenotype/genotype correlation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(3):195-204.
[60] Feunteun J. La predisposition hereditaire au cancer du sein Hee a BRCA1 et BRCA2: Une maladie de la reponse aux lesions denotoxiques?. M. S: Med. Sci. 1999; 15(1): 38-44.
[61] Miyagawa K. Genetic instability and cancer. Int J Hematol. 1998;67(1):3-14.
[62] Hampson R. Selection for genome instability by DNA damage in human cells: unstable microsatellites and their consequences for tumourigenesis. Radiat Oncol Investig. 1997;5(3):111-4.
[63] Field JK. Genomic instability in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Anticancer Res. 1996;16(4C):2421-31.
[64] Farid NR. Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer: the significance of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genomic instability. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1996;104 Suppl 4:1-12.
[65] R?schoff J, Bocker T, Schlegel J, Stumm G, Hofstaedter F. Microsatellite instability: new aspects in the carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Arch. 1995;426(3):215-22.
[66] Genomic instability and immortality in cancer (Pezcoller foun dation symp., 8). Eds E. Mihich, L. Hartwell.—Partland: OR, 1997.
[67] Popescu NC. Chromosome fragility and instability in human cancer. Crit Rev Oncog. 1994;5(2-3):121-40.
[68] Jasin M. Chromosome breaks and genomic instability. Cancer Invest. 2000;18(1):78-86.
[69] Schmutte C, Fishel R. Genomic instability: first step to carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1999;19(6A):4665-96.
[70] Coleman WB, Tsongalis GJ. The role of genomic instability in human carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1999;19(6A):4645-64.
[71] Pihan GA, Doxsey SJ. The mitotic machinery as a source of genetic instability in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 1999;9(4):289-302.
[72] Bevilacqua RA, Nunes DN, Stroun M, Anker P. The use of genetic instability as a clinical tool for cancer diagnosis. Semin Cancer Biol. 1998;8(6):447-53.
[73] Coleman WB, Tsongalis GJ. Multiple mechanisms account for genomic instability and molecular mutation in neoplastic transformation. Clin Chem. 1995;41(5):644-57.
[74] Donehower LA. Genetic instability in animal tumorigenesis models. Cancer Surv. 1997;29:329-52.
[75] Diculescu GL. The sources of variation in the human genome and genome instability in human cancers. Rom J Physiol. 1997;34(1-4):3-17.
[76] Boyer JC, Farber RA. Mutation rate of a microsatellite sequence in normal human fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 1998;58(17):3946-9.
[77] H?rk?nen K, Viitanen T, Larsen SB, Bonde JP, L?hdetie J. Aneuploidy in sperm and exposure to fungicides and lifestyle factors. ASCLEPIOS. A European Concerted Action on Occupational Hazards to Male Reproductive Capability. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1999;34(1):39-46.
[78] Humayun MZ. SOS and Mayday: multiple inducible mutagenic pathways in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1998;30(5):905-10.
[79] Kokabaev AA, Sharapov IK, Bersimbaev RI. Cytogenetic study of peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers uranium mines: Proc. rep. Proc. Symposium. "Biol. cells in culture "(St Pererburge, 20-22 Oct 1998). Tsitologiia. 1999; 41(3-4): 274.
[80] Frommel TO, Zarling EJ. Chronic inflammation and cancer: potential role of Bcl-2 gene family members as regulators of cellular antioxidant status. Med Hypotheses. 1999;52(1):27-30.
[81] Habano W, Sugai T, Nakamura S. Mismatch repair deficiency leads to a unique mode of colorectal tumorigenesis characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity. Oncogene. 1998;16(10):1259-65.
[82] Wynford-Thomas D, Blaydes J. The influence of cell context on the selection pressure for p53 mutation in human cancer. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19(1):29-36.
[83] Bruner SD, Deng JL, Nash HM, Lu R, Wintner TH, Verdine GL. Chemical biology of DNA repair: [Pap.] 3 6 IUPAC Congr. «Front. Chem., New Perspect. for 2000s (Geneva, Aug 17-22, 1997). Chimia. 1997; 51(7): 367.
[84] Chevillard S, Radicella JP, Levalois C, Lebeau J, Poupon MF, Oudard S, Dutrillaux B, Boiteux S. Mutations in OGG1, a gene involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage, are found in human lung and kidney tumours. Oncogene. 1998;16(23):3083-6.
[85] Hosfield DJ, Mol CD, Shen B, Tainer JA. Structure of the DNA repair and replication endonuclease and exonuclease FEN-1: coupling DNA and PCNA binding to FEN-1 activity. Cell. 1998;95(1):135-46.
[86] Prolla TA. DNA mismatch repair and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10(3):311-6.
[87] Wu X, Hsu TC, Cao S, Lee JJ, Amos CI, Spitz MR. Deletion in poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase pseudogene and lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19(1):93-8.
[88] Bahr A, De Graeve F, Kedinger C, Chatton B. Point mutations causing Bloom's syndrome abolish ATPase and DNA helicase activities of the BLM protein. Oncogene. 1998;17(20):2565-71.
[89] Paulson TG, Almasan A, Brody LL, Wahl GM. Gene amplification in a p53-deficient cell line requires cell cycle progression under conditions that generate DNA breakage. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(5):3089-100.
[90] Green NS, Lin MM, Scharff MD. Somatic hypermutation of antibody genes: a hot spot warms up. Bioessays. 1998;20(3):227-34.
[91] 91. Hiom K, Melek M, Gellert M. DNA transposition by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins: a possible source of oncogenic translocations. Cell. 1998;94(4):463-70.
[92] Jeffs AR, Benjes SM, Smith TL, Sowerby SJ, Morris CM. The BCR gene recombines preferentially with Alu elements in complex BCR-ABL translocations of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7(5):767-76.
[93] Shen MR, Jones IM, Mohrenweiser H. Nonconservative amino acid substitution variants exist at polymorphic frequency in DNA repair genes in healthy humans. Cancer Res. 1998;58(4):604-8.
[94] Shen SX, Weaver Z, Xu X, Li C, Weinstein M, Chen L, Guan XY, Ried T, Deng CX. A targeted disruption of the murine Brca1 gene causes gamma-irradiation hypersensitivity and genetic instability. Oncogene. 1998;17(24):3115-24.
[95] Weaver ZA, McCormack SJ, Liyanage M, du Manoir S, Coleman A, Schr?ck E, Dickson RB, Ried T. A recurring pattern of chromosomal aberrations in mammary gland tumors of MMTV-cmyc transgenic mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25(3):251-60.
[96] Zasukhina GD, Kazantseva LN, Semyachkina AN, Vasileva IM, Meliksetova IA, L'vova GN. Violation of DNA repair in cells of patients with Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ros vestn perinatologii i pediatrii. 1998; 43(6) 46.
[97] Huang H, Qian J, Proffit J, Wilber K, Jenkins R, Smith DI. FRA7G extends over a broad region: coincidence of human endogenous retroviral sequences (HERV-H) and small polydispersed circular DNAs (spcDNA) and fragile sites. Oncogene. 1998;16(18):2311-9.
[98] Kordyum VA. And then I sat down to write this book: It is not usual notions of human genetics. Kiev, 1993; 248 p.
[99] Nicolaides NC, Littman SJ, Modrich P, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(3):1635-41.
[100] Lowe SW. Activation of p53 by oncogenes. Endocr Relat Cancer. 1999;6(1):45-8.
[101] Wang XY, Smith DI, Frederick L, James CD. Analysis of EGF receptor amplicons reveals amplification of multiple expressed sequences. Oncogene. 1998;16(2):191-5.
[102] Kolesnitchenko V, King L, Riva A, Tani Y, Korsmeyer SJ, Cohen DI. A major human immunodeficiency virus type 1-initiated killing pathway distinct from apoptosis. J Virol. 1997;71(12):9753-63.
[103] Nishigori C, Yarosh D, O'Connor A, Shreedhar VK, Ullrich SE, Cox P, Kripke ML. HindIII liposomes suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in vivo and induce epidermal IL-10 in vitro. J Immunol. 1998;161(6):2684-91.
[104] Felix CA. Secondary leukemias induced by topoisomerase-targeted drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998;1400(1-3):233-55.
[105] Felix CA, Walker AH, Lange BJ, Williams TM, Winick NJ, Cheung NK, Lovett BD, Nowell PC, Blair IA, Rebbeck TR. Association of CYP3A4 genotype with treatment-related leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(22):13176-81.
[106] Gaziev AI, Ploskonosova II, Baranov VI, Bezlepkin VG, Syrota NP, Vasileva GV, Lomaeva MG. Accumulation of DNA damage and changes in protection systems genome with aging: III Intern. scientific. Scient. Conf. "An elderly patient. Quality of life " (Moscow, 1-2 Oct 1998). Klin, gerontologiya. 1998;(3): 58.
[107] Falck G, Grawe J, Nusse M, Norppa H. High prevalence of the X chromosome in flowsorted lymphocyte of micronuclei women: Abstrs 3 0 Annu. Meet. Environ. Mutagen Soc. (Washington, D. C, March 27-Apr. 1, 1999). Environ Mol Mutagenes. 1999; 33(30,Suppl): 24.
[108] Venkatachalam S, Shi YP, Jones SN, Vogel H, Bradley A, Pinkel D, Donehower LA. Retention of wild-type p53 in tumors from p53 heterozygous mice: reduction of p53 dosage can promote cancer formation. EMBO J. 1998;17(16):4657-67.
[109] Nakamura Y. ATM: the p53 booster. Nature Med. 1998;4(11):1231–2.
[110] Escarceller M, Buchwald M, Singleton BK, Jeggo PA, Jackson SP, Moustacchi E, Papadopoulo D. Fanconi anemia C gene product plays a role in the fidelity of blunt DNA end-joining. J Mol Biol. 1998;279(2):375-85.
[111] Lebel M, Leder P. A deletion within the murine Werner syndrome helicase induces sensitivity to inhibitors of topoisomerase and loss of cellular proliferative capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(22):13097-102.
[112] Moser MJ, Oshima J, Monnat RJ Jr. WRN mutations in Werner syndrome. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(4):271-9.
[113] Spillare EA, Robles AI, Wang XW, Shen JC, Yu CE, Schellenberg GD, Harris CC. p53-mediated apoptosis is attenuated in Werner syndrome cells. Genes Dev. 1999;13(11):1355-60.
[114] Eyre-Walker A, Keightley PD. High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids. Nature. 1999;397(6717):344-7.
[115] Crow JF. The odds of losing at genetic roulette. Nature. 1999;397(6717):293-4.
[116] Suffering from a sensitive issue. Chem Ind. 1998; (15): 592.
[117] Seppa N Exposure to smoke yields fetal mutations. Sci News. 1998; 154(14): 213.
[118] Naasani I, Seimiya H, Tsuruo T. Telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening, and senescence of cancer cells by tea catechins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;249(2):391-6.
[119] Alaoui YA, Zybina A, Catashkova G, Nikiforov N, Emerit I. Etude de plusierus biomarquers du stress oxydatif chez des liquidateurs de Tchernobyl: [Rapp.] Reun. hiver Soc. Fr. Rech. Radicaux Ubr. (Paris, 3 juill., 1998). C r Soc sci bid. 1998; 192(6): 1199.
[120] Korneev AG, Zhurkov VS, Kuleshov NP, Vereshchagin NN, Tiurin EN, Boev VV, Vorob'ev AP. [Radio-ecological and genetic assessment of late consequences of Totsk nuclear explosion]. Gig Sanit. 1998;(6):46-50.
[121] Pezzella M. Single gene neutralizes toxic chemicals, avoids cancer. Biotechnol. Newswatch. 1998; (4):13-4.
[122] Duthie SJ. Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability. Br Med Bull. 1999;55(3):578-92.
[123] R?schoff J, Wallinger S, Dietmaier W, Bocker T, Brockhoff G, Hofst?dter F, Fishel R. Aspirin suppresses the mutator phenotype associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer by genetic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(19):11301-6.
[124] Eisenberg D, Marcotte EM, Xenarios I, Yeates TO. Protein function in the post-genomic era. Nature. 2000;405(6788):823-6.