[1] Zasloff M. Antibiotic peptides as mediators of innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 1992;4(1):3-7.

[2] Boman HG. Peptide antibiotics and their role in innate immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:61-92.

[3] Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Antimicrobial peptides of vertebrates. Curr Opin Immunol. 1998;10(1):41-4.

[4] Moore KS, Bevins CL, Brasseur MM, Tomassini N, Turner K, Eck H, Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides in the stomach of Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(29):19851-7.

[5] Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, Bergman T, Olsson B, Salcedo R. The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. Eur J Biochem. 1996;238(2):325-32.

[6] Zanetti M, Litteri L, Griffiths G, Gennaro R, Romeo D. Stimulus-induced maturation of probactenecins, precursors of neutrophil antimicrobial polypeptides. J Immunol. 1991;146(12):4295-300.

[7] Panyutich A, Shi J, Boutz PL, Zhao C, Ganz T. Porcine polymorphonuclear leukocytes generate extracellular microbicidal activity by elastase-mediated activation of secreted proprotegrins. Infect Immun. 1997;65(3):978-85.

[8] Gazit E, Boman A, Boman HG, Shai Y. Interaction of the mammalian antibacterial peptide cecropin P1 with phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry. 1995;34(36):11479-88.

[9] Holak TA, Engstr?m A, Kraulis PJ, Lindeberg G, Bennich H, Jones TA, Gronenborn AM, Clore GM. The solution conformation of the antibacterial peptide cecropin A: a nuclear magnetic resonance and dynamical simulated annealing study. Biochemistry. 1988;27(20):7620-9.

[10] Hultmark D, Steiner H, Rasmuson T, Boman HG. Insect immunity. Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. Eur J Biochem. 1980;106(1):7-16.

[11] Hara S, Yamakawa M. Moricin, a novel type of antibacterial peptide isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(50):29923-7.

[12] Marchini D, Manetti AG, Rosetto M, Bernini LF, Telford JL, Baldari CT, Dallai R. cDNA sequence and expression of the ceratotoxin gene encoding an antibacterial sex-specific peptide from the medfly Ceratitis capitata (diptera). J Biol Chem. 1995;270(11):6199-204.

[13] Samakovlis C, Kimbrell DA, Kylsten P, Engstr?m A, Hultmark D. The immune response in Drosophila: pattern of cecropin expression and biological activity. EMBO J. 1990;9(9):2969-76.

[14] Brey PT, Lee WJ, Yamakawa M, Koizumi Y, Perrot S, Fran?ois M, Ashida M. Role of the integument in insect immunity: epicuticular abrasion and induction of cecropin synthesis in cuticular epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(13):6275-9.

[15] Lee JY, Boman A, Sun CX, Andersson M, J?rnvall H, Mutt V, Boman HG. Antibacterial peptides from pig intestine: isolation of a mammalian cecropin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(23):9159-62.

[16] Fink J, Merrifield RB, Boman A, Boman HG. The chemical synthesis of cecropin D and an analog with enhanced antibacterial activity. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(11):6260-7.

[17] Zasloff M. Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(15):5449-53.

[18] Giovannini MG, Poulter L, Gibson BW, Williams DH. Biosynthesis and degradation of peptides derived from Xenopus laevis prohormones. Biochem J. 1987;243(1):113-20.

[19] Simmaco M, Mignogna G, Barra D, Bossa F. Novel antimicrobial peptides from skin secretion of the European frog Rana esculenta. FEBS Lett. 1993;324(2):159-61.

[20] Simmaco M, Barra D, Chiarini F, Noviello L, Melchiorri P, Kreil G, Richter K. A family of bombinin-related peptides from the skin of Bombina variegata. Eur J Biochem. 1991;199(1):217-22.

[21] Mor A, Nguyen VH, Delfour A, Migliore-Samour D, Nicolas P. Isolation, amino acid sequence, and synthesis of dermaseptin, a novel antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin. Biochemistry. 1991;30(36):8824-30.

[22] Simmaco M, Mignogna G, Canofeni S, Miele R, Mangoni ML, Barra D. Temporins, antimicrobial peptides from the European red frog Rana temporaria. Eur J Biochem. 1996;242(3):788-92.

[23] Zasloff M, Martin B, Chen HC. Antimicrobial activity of synthetic magainin peptides and several analogues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(3):910-3.

[24] Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Chernysh S, Briand JP, Roussel JP, Letellier L, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA. Structure-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defense peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(3):1221-5.

[25] Patterson-Delafield J, Martinez RJ, Lehrer RI. Microbicidal cationic proteins in rabbit alveolar macrophages: a potential host defense mechanism. Infect Immun. 1980;30(1):180-92.

[26] Selsted ME, Brown DM, DeLange RJ, Harwig SS, Lehrer RI. Primary structures of six antimicrobial peptides of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(8):4579-84.

[27] Ganz T, Selsted ME, Szklarek D, Harwig SS, Daher K, Bainton DF, Lehrer RI. Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4):1427-35.

[28] Selsted ME, Harwig SS. Purification, primary structure, and antimicrobial activities of a guinea pig neutrophil defensin. Infect Immun. 1987;55(9):2281-6.

[29] Eisenhauer PB, Harwig SS, Szklarek D, Ganz T, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI. Purification and antimicrobial properties of three defensins from rat neutrophils. Infect Immun. 1989;57(7):2021-7.

[30] Selsted ME, Harwig SS. Determination of the disulfide array in the human defensin HNP-2. A covalently cyclized peptide. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(7):4003-7.

[31] Ouellette AJ, Miller SI, Henschen AH, Selsted ME. Purification and primary structure of murine cryptdin-1, a Paneth cell defensin. FEBS Lett. 1992;304(2-3):146-8.

[32] Matsuyama K, Natori S. Purification of three antibacterial proteins from the culture medium of NIH-Sape-4, an embryonic cell line of Sarcophaga peregrina. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(32):17112-6.

[33] Lambert J, Keppi E, Dimarcq JL, Wicker C, Reichhart JM, Dunbar B, Lepage P, Van Dorsselaer A, Hoffmann J, Fothergill J, et al. Insect immunity: isolation from immune blood of the dipteran Phormia terranovae of two insect antibacterial peptides with sequence homology to rabbit lung macrophage bactericidal peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(1):262-6.

[34] Daher KA, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI. Direct inactivation of viruses by human granulocyte defensins. J Virol. 1986;60(3):1068-74.

[35] Hristova K, Selsted ME, White SH. Interactions of monomeric rabbit neutrophil defensins with bilayers: comparison with dimeric human defensin HNP-2. Biochemistry. 1996;35(36):11888-94.

[36] Baggiolini M, Horisberger U, Gennaro R, Dewald B. Identification of three types of granules in neutrophils of ruminants. Ultrastructure of circulating and maturing cells. Lab Invest. 1985;52(2):151-8.

[37] Selsted ME, Tang YQ, Morris WL, McGuire PA, Novotny MJ, Smith W, Henschen AH, Cullor JS. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of beta-defensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(9):6641-8.

[38] Zimmermann GR, Legault P, Selsted ME, Pardi A. Solution structure of bovine neutrophil beta-defensin-12: the peptide fold of the beta-defensins is identical to that of the classical defensins. Biochemistry. 1995;34(41):13663-71.

[39] Diamond G, Zasloff M, Eck H, Brasseur M, Maloy WL, Bevins CL. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal mucosa: peptide isolation and cloning of a cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(9):3952-6.

[40] Schonwetter BS, Stolzenberg ED, Zasloff MA. Epithelial antibiotics induced at sites of inflammation. Science. 1995;267(5204):1645-8.

[41] McCray PB Jr, Bentley L. Human airway epithelia express a beta-defensin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997;16(3):343-9.

[42] Porter EM, van Dam E, Valore EV, Ganz T. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of human intestinal defensin 5. Infect Immun. 1997;65(6):2396-401.

[43] Storici P, Tossi A, Lenarcic B, Romeo D. Purification and structural characterization of bovine cathelicidins, precursors of antimicrobial peptides. Eur J Biochem. 1996;238(3):769-76.

[44] Zanetti M, Del Sal G, Storici P, Schneider C, Romeo D. The cDNA of the neutrophil antibiotic Bac5 predicts a pro-sequence homologous to a cysteine proteinase inhibitor that is common to other neutrophil antibiotics. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(1):522-6.

[45] Gennaro R, Skerlavaj B, Romeo D. Purification, composition, and activity of two bactenecins, antibacterial peptides of bovine neutrophils. Infect Immun. 1989;57(10):3142-6.

[46] Frank RW, Gennaro R, Schneider K, Przybylski M, Romeo D. Amino acid sequences of two proline-rich bactenecins. Antimicrobial peptides of bovine neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(31):18871-4.

[47] Agerberth B, Lee JY, Bergman T, Carlquist M, Boman HG, Mutt V, J?rnvall H. Amino acid sequence of PR-39. Isolation from pig intestine of a new member of the family of proline-arginine-rich antibacterial peptides. Eur J Biochem. 1991;202(3):849-54.

[48] Agerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, Kogner P, Boman HG, Gudmundsson GH. FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(1):195-9.

[49] Selsted ME, Novotny MJ, Morris WL, Tang YQ, Smith W, Cullor JS. Indolicidin, a novel bactericidal tridecapeptide amide from neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(7):4292-5.

[50] Qu XD, Harwig SS, Shafer WM, Lehrer RI. Protegrin structure and activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun. 1997;65(2):636-9.

[51] Wade D, Boman A, W?hlin B, Drain CM, Andreu D, Boman HG, Merrifield RB. All-D amino acid-containing channel-forming antibiotic peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(12):4761-5.

[52] Bessalle R, Kapitkovsky A, Gorea A, Shalit I, Fridkin M. All-D-magainin: chirality, antimicrobial activity and proteolytic resistance. FEBS Lett. 1990;274(1-2):151-5.

[53] Pouny Y, Rapaport D, Mor A, Nicolas P, Shai Y. Interaction of antimicrobial dermaseptin and its fluorescently labeled analogues with phospholipid membranes. Biochemistry. 1992;31(49):12416-23.

[54] Matsuzaki K, Murase O, Tokuda H, Funakoshi S, Fujii N, Miyajima K. Orientational and aggregational states of magainin 2 in phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry. 1994;33(11):3342-9.

[55] Durell SR, Raghunathan G, Guy HR. Modeling the ion channel structure of cecropin. Biophys J. 1992;63(6):1623-31.

[56] Matsuzaki K, Nakamura A, Murase O, Sugishita K, Fujii N, Miyajima K. Modulation of magainin 2-lipid bilayer interactions by peptide charge. Biochemistry. 1997;36(8):2104-11.

[57] Matsuzaki K, Yoneyama S, Fujii N, Miyajima K, Yamada K, Kirino Y, Anzai K. Membrane permeabilization mechanisms of a cyclic antimicrobial peptide, tachyplesin I, and its linear analog. Biochemistry. 1997;36(32):9799-806.

[58] Boman HG, Agerberth B, Boman A. Mechanisms of action on Escherichia coli of cecropin P1 and PR-39, two antibacterial peptides from pig intestine. Infect Immun. 1993;61(7):2978-84.

[59] Van Wetering S, Mannesse-Lazeroms SP, Dijkman JH, Hiemstra PS. Effect of neutrophil serine proteinases and defensins on lung epithelial cells: modulation of cytotoxicity and IL-8 production. J Leukoc Biol. 1997;62(2):217-26.

[60] Michaelson D, Rayner J, Couto M, Ganz T. Cationic defensins arise from charge-neutralized propeptides: a mechanism for avoiding leukocyte autocytotoxicity? J Leukoc Biol. 1992;51(6):634-9.

[61] Verbanac D, Zanetti M, Romeo D. Chemotactic and protease-inhibiting activities of antibiotic peptide precursors. FEBS Lett. 1993;317(3):255-8.

[62] Chertov O, Michiel DF, Xu L, Wang JM, Tani K, Murphy WJ, Longo DL, Taub DD, Oppenheim JJ. Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(6):2935-40.

[63] Charp PA, Rice WG, Raynor RL, Reimund E, Kinkade JM Jr, Ganz T, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI, Kuo JF. Inhibition of protein kinase C by defensins, antibiotic peptides from human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37(5):951-6.

[64] Pogrebnoy PV, Hobta AI, Garmanchouk LV, Markeeva NV. Inhibition of eof receptor kinase activity by hydrophobic peptide secreted by A431/1522 cells. Exp onkol. 1997; 19(4):296-9.

[65] Pogrebnoy PV, Hobta AI, Soldatkina MA, Garmanchouk LV, Markeeva NV, Eremenko T. A protein kinase inhibitor from A431 subline overexpressing TGF alpha possesses antimicrobial activity. New Microbiol. 1998;21(3):269-73.

[66] Cruciani RA, Barker JL, Zasloff M, Chen HC, Colamonici O. Antibiotic magainins exert cytolytic activity against transformed cell lines through channel formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(9):3792-6.

[67] Ohsaki Y, Gazdar AF, Chen HC, Johnson BE. Antitumor activity of magainin analogues against human lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1992;52(13):3534-8.

[68] Baker MA, Maloy WL, Zasloff M, Jacob LS. Anticancer efficacy of Magainin2 and analogue peptides. Cancer Res. 1993;53(13):3052-7.

[69] Moore AJ, Devine DA, Bibby MC. Preliminary experimental anticancer activity of cecropins. Pept Res. 1994;7(5):265-9.

[70] Soballe PW, Maloy WL, Myrga ML, Jacob LS, Herlyn M. Experimental local therapy of human melanoma with lytic magainin peptides. Int J Cancer. 1995;60(2):280-4.