Biopolym. Cell. 1993; 9(5):3-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.00036B
Reviews
Cis-elements and trans-factors in transcription regulation in plants
1Domansky N. N., 1Galkin A. P.
  1. Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine
    1, Murmans'ka Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 02094

Abstract

This review decribes some of the recent progress in the understanding of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in plants. The structure of best studied promoters directing transcription in plants such as 35S-promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus, promoter of the ribuloso-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit gene and patatin promoters is considered. The modern data about the structure of regulatory protein factors and possible mechanisms of their interaction with promoter sequences are discussed.
Full text: (PDF, in Russian)

References

[1] Kuhlemeier C. Regulation Of Gene Expression In Higher Plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1987;38(1):221–57.
[2] Schwarz-Sommer Z, Huijser P, Nacken W, Saedler H, Sommer H. Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus. Science. 1990;250(4983):931-6.
[3] Walden R, Schell J. Techniques in plant molecular biology--progress and problems. Eur J Biochem. 1990;192(3):563-76.
[4] Dynan WS. Modularity in promoters and enhancers. Cell. 1989;58(1):1-4.
[5] Mitchell PJ, Tjian R. Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science. 1989;245(4916):371-8.
[6] Yamamoto KR. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:209-52.
[7] Jefferson RA, Kavanagh TA, Bevan MW. GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987;6(13):3901-7.
[8] Odell JT, Nagy F, Chua NH. Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Nature. 1985 Feb 28-Mar 6;313(6005):810-2.
[9] Jensen JS, Marcker KA, Otten L, Schell J. Nodule-specific expression of a chimaeric soybean leghaemoglobin gene in transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Nature. 1986;321(6071):669–74.
[10] Kay R, Chan A, Daly M, McPherson J. Duplication of CaMV 35S Promoter Sequences Creates a Strong Enhancer for Plant Genes. Science. 1987;236(4806):1299-302.
[11] Nagy F, Boutry M, Hsu MY, Wong M, Chua NH. The 5'-proximal region of the wheat Cab-1 gene contains a 268-bp enhancer-like sequence for phytochrome response. EMBO J. 1987;6(9):2537-42.
[12] Fang RX, Nagy F, Sivasubramaniam S, Chua NH. Multiple cis regulatory elements for maximal expression of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in transgenic plants. Plant Cell. 1989;1(1):141-50.
[13] Benfey PN, Chua NH. Regulated genes in transgenic plants. Science. 1989;244(4901):174-81.
[14] Lam E, Benfey PN, Gilmartin PM, Fang RX, Chua NH. Site-specific mutations alter in vitro factor binding and change promoter expression pattern in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(20):7890-4.
[15] Katagiri F, Lam E, Chua NH. Two tobacco DNA-binding proteins with homology to the nuclear factor CREB. Nature. 1989;340(6236):727-30.
[16] Lam E, Katagiri F, Chua NH. Plant nuclear factor ASF-1 binds to an essential region of the nopaline synthase promoter. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(17):9909-13.
[17] Fromm H, Katagiri F, Chua NH. An octopine synthase enhancer element directs tissue-specific expression and binds ASF-1, a factor from tobacco nuclear extracts. Plant Cell. 1989;1(10):977-84.
[18] Bouchez D, Tokuhisa JG, Llewellyn DJ, Dennis ES, Ellis JG. The ocs-element is a component of the promoters of several T-DNA and plant viral genes. EMBO J. 1989;8(13):4197-204.
[19] Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua NH. The CaMV 35S enhancer contains at least two domains which can confer different developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns. EMBO J. 1989;8(8):2195-202.
[20] Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua NH. Tissue-specific expression from CaMV 35S enhancer subdomains in early stages of plant development. EMBO J. 1990;9(6):1677-84.
[21] Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua NH. Combinatorial and synergistic properties of CaMV 35S enhancer subdomains. EMBO J. 1990;9(6):1685-96.
[22] Benfey PN, Chua NH. The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S Promoter: Combinatorial Regulation of Transcription in Plants. Science. 1990;250(4983):959-66.
[23] Kuhlemeier C, Strittmatter G, Ward K, Chua NH. The Pea rbcS-3A Promoter Mediates Light Responsiveness but not Organ Specificity. Plant Cell. 1989;1(4):471-478.
[24] Jenkins GI. Photoregulation of gene expression in plants. Photochem Photobiol. 1988;48(6):821–32.
[25] Nagy F, Kay SA, Chua NH. Gene regulation by phytochrome. Trends Genet. 1988;4(2):37-42.
[26] Fluhr R, Moses P, Morelli G, Coruzzi G, Chua NH. Expression dynamics of the pea rbcS multigene family and organ distribution of the transcripts. EMBO J. 1986;5(9):2063-2071.
[27] Gilmartin PM, Chua NH. Localization of a phytochrome-responsive element within the upstream region of pea rbcS-3A. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10(10):5565-8.
[28] Gilmartin PM, Chua NH. Spacing between GT-1 binding sites within a light-responsive element is critical for transcriptional activity. Plant Cell. 1990;2(5):447-55.
[29] Green PJ, Kay SA, Chua NH. Sequence-specific interactions of a pea nuclear factor with light-responsive elements upstream of the rbcS-3A gene. EMBO J. 1987;6(9):2543-9.
[30] Green PJ, Yong MH, Cuozzo M, Kano-Murakami Y, Silverstein P, Chua NH. Binding site requirements for pea nuclear protein factor GT-1 correlate with sequences required for light-dependent transcriptional activation of the rbcS-3A gene. EMBO J. 1988;7(13):4035-44.
[31] Stockhaus J, Eckes P, Rocha-Sosa M, Schell J, Willmitzer L. Analysis of cis-active sequences involved in the leaf-specific expression of a potato gene in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(22):7943-7.
[32] Dean C. Structure, Evolution, And Regulation Of RbcS Genes In Higher Plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1989;40(1):415–39.
[33] Lawton MA, Dean SM, Dron M, Kooter JM, Kragh KM, Harrison MJ, Yu L, Tanguay L, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Silencer region of a chalcone synthase promoter contains multiple binding sites for a factor, SBF-1, closely related to GT-1. Plant Mol Biol. 1991;16(2):235-49.
[34] Kuhlemeier C, Cuozzo M, Green PJ, Goyvaerts E, Ward K, Chua NH. Localization and conditional redundancy of regulatory elements in rbcS-3A, a pea gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(13):4662-6.
[35] Cuozzo-Davis M, Yong MH, Gilmartin PM, Goyvaerts E, Kuhlemeier C, Sarokin L, Chua NH. Minimal sequence requirements for the regulated expression of rbcS-3A from Pisum sativum in transgenic tobacco plants. Photochem Photobiol. 1990;52(1):43-50.
[36] Sarokin LP, Chua NH. Binding sites for two novel phosphoproteins, 3AF5 and 3AF3, are required for rbcS-3A expression. Plant Cell. 1992;4(4):473-83.
[37] Rocha-Sosa M, Sonnewald U, Frommer W, Stratmann M, Schell J, Willmitzer L. Both developmental and metabolic signals activate the promoter of a class I patatin gene. EMBO J. 1989;8(1):23-9.
[38] Wenzler HC, Mignery GA, Fisher LM, Park WD. Analysis of a chimeric class-I patatin-GUS gene in transgenic potato plants: High-level expression in tubers and sucrose-inducible expression in cultured leaf and stem explants. Plant Mol Biol. 1989;12(1):41-50.
[39] Mignery GA, Pikaard CS, Park WD. Molecular characterization of the patatin multigene family of potato. Gene. 1988;62(1):27-44.
[40] Liu XJ, Prat S, Willmitzer L, Frommer WB. cis regulatory elements directing tuber-specific and sucrose-inducible expression of a chimeric class I patatin promoter/GUS-gene fusion. Mol Gen Genet. 1990;223(3):401-6.
[41] Bevan M, Barker R, Goldsbrough A, Jarvis M, Kavanagh T, Iturriaga G. The structure and transcription start site of a major potato tuber protein gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986;14(11):4625-38.
[42] Jefferson R, Goldsbrough A, Bevan M. Transcriptional regulation of a patatin-1 gene in potato. Plant Mol Biol. 1990;14(6):995-1006.
[43] Landschulz WH, Johnson PF, McKnight SL. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science. 1988;240(4860):1759-64.
[44] Busch SJ, Sassone-Corsi P. Dimers, leucine zippers and DNA-binding domains. Trends Genet. 1990;6(2):36-40.
[45] Vinson CR, Sigler PB, McKnight SL. Scissors-grip model for DNA recognition by a family of leucine zipper proteins. Science. 1989;246(4932):911-6.
[46] Schindler U, Cashmore AR. Photoregulated gene expression may involve ubiquitous DNA binding proteins. EMBO J. 1990;9(11):3415-27.
[47] Fromm H, Katagiri F, Chua NH. The tobacco transcription activator TGA1a binds to a sequence in the 5' upstream region of a gene encoding a TGA1a-related protein. Mol Gen Genet. 1991;229(2):181-8.
[48] Gilbert W. Why genes in pieces? Nature. 1978;271(5645):501.
[49] Serfling E. Autoregulation--a common property of eukaryotic transcription factors? Trends Genet. 1989;5(5):131-3.
[50] van der Krol AR, Chua NH. The basic domain of plant B-ZIP proteins facilitates import of a reporter protein into plant nuclei. Plant Cell. 1991;3(7):667-75.
[51] Oeda K, Salinas J, Chua NH. A tobacco bZip transcription activator (TAF-1) binds to a G-box-like motif conserved in plant genes. EMBO J. 1991;10(7):1793-802.
[52] Guiltinan MJ, Marcotte WR Jr, Quatrano RS. A plant leucine zipper protein that recognizes an abscisic acid response element. Science. 1990;250(4978):267-71.
[53] Tabata T, Takase H, Takayama S, Mikami K, Nakatsuka A, Kawata T, Nakayama T, Iwabuchi M. A protein that binds to a cis-acting element of wheat histone genes has a leucine zipper motif. Science. 1989;245(4921):965-7.
[54] Singh K, Dennis ES, Ellis JG, Llewellyn DJ, Tokuhisa JG, Wahleithner JA, Peacock WJ. OCSBF-1, a maize ocs enhancer binding factor: isolation and expression during development. Plant Cell. 1990;2(9):891-903.
[55] Hartings H, Maddaloni M, Lazzaroni N, Di Fonzo N, Motto M, Salamini F, Thompson R. The O2 gene which regulates zein deposition in maize endosperm encodes a protein with structural homologies to transcriptional activators. EMBO J. 1989;8(10):2795-801.
[56] Schmidt RJ, Burr FA, Aukerman MJ, Burr B. Maize regulatory gene opaque-2 encodes a protein with a "leucine-zipper" motif that binds to zein DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(1):46-50.