Biopolym. Cell. 1995; 11(6):5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000400
Genome variability in plant somatic cells. 2. Natural variability
1Kunakh V. A.
  1. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
    150, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680

Abstract

Literature data on the genome variability in intact plant somatic cells to occur naturally and resultant from various influences were reviewed. Occurrence, reasons for appearence and biological implication of chimeric and mixoploid forms, peculiarities of the genome variability among hybrids, haploids and polyploids, variability during injuries, graftings and other stress challenges were estimated. Analysis was focused upon putative reasons, mechanisms and ways for control of this variability. Key role of hormonal system in control and regulation of levels and trends in genome variability of somatic plant cells, genetic structure of organism's cell populations is substantiated.
Full text: (PDF, in Russian)

References

[1] Khesin RB. Genome instability. Moscow, Nauka, 1984; 472 p.
[2] Akif'ev AP. Perceptions of evolution. Chernogolovka, Inst Chem. Physics, 1988; 36 p.
[3] Akif'ev AP, Khudoliĭ GA. Mutagenesis and genetic homeostasis in higher organisms. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 1993;(1):3-9.
[4] Kunakh VA. Genome variation in plant somatic cells and factors regulating this process. Tsitol Genet. 1980; 14(1):73-81.
[5] Marx JL. Instability in Plants and the Ghost of Lamarck: The repetitive DNA sequences in the plant genome make a major contribution to genetic instability and variability in plants. Science. 1984;224(4656):1415-6.
[6] Butorina AK. Cytogenetics of forest woody plants (in connection with questions of their evolution and breeding): Author. diss. ... Dr. biol. nauk. Novosibirsk, 1989; 30 p.
[7] Khokhlov SS. Polyploidy and apomixis in angiosperms. Polyploidy and breeding. Moscow-Leningrad, Science, 1965: 62-5.
[8] Kunakh VA. Genome variability of plant somatic cells. 1. Variability during ontogenesis. Biopolym Cell. 1994; 10(6):5-35.
[9] Shumnyy VK, Vershinin AV. Genome organization in plant cells: is repetitive DNA excess?. Structural functional organization of the genome. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1989: 115-149.
[10] Cionini PG. Nuclear DNA changes during plant development. G. bot. ital. 1989;123(1-2):111—21.
[11] Bassi P. Quantitative variations of nuclear DNA during plant development: a critical analysis. Biol Rev. 1990;65(3):185–225.
[12] Shevchenko VV, Grinikh LI. Chimerism of plants. Moscow, Nauka, 1981; 212 p.
[13] Rieger R., Michaelis A. Glossary of Genetics and cytogenetics. Moscow, Kolos, 1967; 608 p.
[14] Krenke NP. Plant Chimeras. Moscow-Leningrad, Acad Sciences of the USSR, 1947; 386 p.
[15] D'Amato F. Dinamica dei meristemi apicali, chimere e cambiamento di fase. Seminario Alcuni su Problemi di Fisiologia Applicata alle Piante Coltivate. 1976; (96):59-84.
[16] Krenke NP. Transplantation of plants. Moscow, Nauka, 1966; 334 p.
[17] Krayevoy SY. Is the vegetative hybridization of plants possible by means of inoculation?. Moscow, Nauka, 1967; 144 p.
[18] Navashin M. Unbalanced somatic chromosomal variation in Crepis. Univ. California Pubis. Agricult. Sci. 1930;6(3):95—106.
[19] Malaviya DR, Shukla RS. Cytology of spontaneous chimaera of Lens culinaris. Cytologia. 1983;48(3):551–6.
[20] Breslavetz L. Polyploide Mitosen bei Cannabis sativa L. Ber Dtsch bot Ges. 1926;44(8):498—512.
[21] Frost HB, Krug CA. Diploid-Tetraploid Periclinal Chimeras as Bud Variants in Citrus. Genetics. 1942;27(6):619-34.
[22] Pohlheim F. Umiagerungen an der Trichimare Pelargonium zonale "Freak of Naturein Beitrag zur Hersteliung von Plastommutanten. Wiss Z Pad Hochsch. 1977;21(1):115—27.
[23] Janick J, Skirvin RM, Janders RB. Companson of in vitro and in vivo tissue culture systems in scented geranium. J Hered. 1977;68(1):62—4.
[24] Ruth J, Klekowski EJ, Stein OL. Impermanent Initials of the Shoot Apex and Diplontic Selection in a Juniper Chimera. Am J Bot. 1985;72(7):1127-35.
[25] Pohlheim F. Untersuchungen zur Sprossvariation der Cupressaceae. 8. Sind immerspaltende Periklinalchimaren bei der haploiden Thuja plicata "Gracilis" moglich?. Flora. 1977. 166(2):177—86.
[26] Pohlheim F. Induced mutation for investigation of histogenetic processes as the basis for optimal mutant selection. Induced mutations — tool plant res.: Proc. Int. symp. (Vienna, 9—13 March, 1981). Vienna, 1981:489—95.
[27] Doodeman M, Bianchi F. Genetic analysis of instability inPetunia hybrida : 3. Periclinal chimeras resulting from frequent mutations of unstable alleles. Theor Appl Genet. 1985;69(3):297-304.
[28] Spiegel-Roy P. On the chimeral nature of the Shamouti orange. Euphytica. 1979;28(2):361–5.
[29] Bochantseva ZP. Mixoploidy in some plants. Bull. Acad. Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. 1946; (2):23-8.
[30] Golodriga PYa, Korobets PV, Topale SG. Spontaneous tetraploid mutants in grape. Tsitol Genet. 1970; 4(1): 24-9.
[31] Yamane Hiroyasu, Kurihara Akio, Tanaka Ryuso. Studies on polyploid breeding in grapes. 1 Chromosome numbers in large-fruited varieties of grapes grown in Japan. Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stat. (Min. Agr. and Forest) (Akitsu). 1978;20(2):1—8.
[32] Einset J. Spontaneous polyploidy in cultivated apples. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci. 1952; 59: 291-302.
[33] Einset J. Polyploidy in apple breeding. Spontaneous polyploidy in cultivated apples. 1963;83:107—12.
[34] Tuz AS, Lozitsky AY. Polyploid varieties of apple and pear. Genetika. 1970;6(9):41-50.
[35] Liznev VN. The use of interspecific crosses for obtainig polyploid apple trees. Genetika. 1976;12(8):21-9.
[36] Solovyova LV. Cytological features of offspring from crosses of apple forms with different ploidy. Bulletin of Moscow university. 1985;16(4):41-8.
[37] Solovyova LV, Alekseev VP, Kudelich VS. Ploidy of apple varieties in connection with breeding. Biol nauki. 1991;(3):123-9.
[38] Decourtye L L'origine ontogénique des racines, puis des bourgeons, néoformes sur des chimères de poirier (Pyrus communis L.) et de pommier (Malus pumila Mill.). Agronomie. 1987; 7(1):27—32.
[39] Vartapetyan VV, Kocheshkova TV. The use of some polyploid varieties of apple breeding. 1 The results of crossing different varieties of apple ploidy. Biol nauk. 1989;1:91—95.
[40] Abu-Qaoud H, Skirvin RM, Chevreau E. In vitro Separation of Chimeral Pears into their Component Genotypes. Euphytica. 1990;48(2):189–96.
[41] Rosati P, Gaggioli D, Giunchi L. Genetic stability of micropropagated loganberry plants. J Hortic Sci. 1986;61(1):33-41.
[42] Sergeeva KD. The value of spontaneous mutations in breeding of gooseberry. Digest of scientific works of the Michurin Research Institute of Horticulture. 1975;21:156-8.
[43] Bartos P. Chimery psenice z hlediska odolnosti ke rzim. Acta Inst bot Acad sci slov. Ser B. 1976;(1):91-6.
[44] Zossimovich VP, Levenko BA, Kunakh VA, Lavrynenko LYu. In vitro culture of Nicotiana tabacum anthers. I. Cytogenetic analysis of plants derived from the anthers. Genetika. 1974;10(6):30-6.
[45] Radjabli EP, Rud VD. Obtaining and using of forms of polyploid plants. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1972; 132 p.
[46] Petrov DF. Cytological basis of heredity. Moscow, Kolos, 1973; 248 p.
[47] Golodriga PY, Kireyeva LK. Methods of obtaining and identification of polyploid forms in grapes. IV All-Union Conference on polyploidy: Abstracts. Kyiv, 1975:35-6.
[48] Kostoff D. Chromosomal chimeras in Nicotiana. J Hered. 1930; 21(10):445-8.
[49] Crane MB, Lawrence WJC. The Genetics of Garden Plants. London, Macmillan and Co., 1938; 287 p.
[50] Williams W. Genetical principles and plant breeding. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1964; 504 p.
[51] Hu G, Kofoid KD, Liang GH. An unstable mutation for pigmentation in kernels of “Calico” sorghum. Hereditas. 1991;115(2):163–7.
[52] Dubinin NY, Shcherbakov VK. Theoretical issues and achievements under polyploidy in plant breeding. Polyploidy and breeding. Moscow-Leningrad, 1965: 18-42.
[53] Laptev YP. Genetic aspects of using of experimental polyploidy and haploidy in breeding of fruits, berries, medicinal plants. Spontaneous and inducing mutagenesis in breeding of garden plants. Proceedings of the symposium. Moscow, 1974: 83-4.
[54] Nemec B. Uber die Mixoploidie bei Allium coeruleum. Bull Int Acad Sci Boheme. 1931; 1:1—12.
[55] Němec B. Über mixoploide wurzelspitzen. Biol Plant. 1961;3(4):253–64.
[56] Fernandes A. La mixoploidie chez Narcissus reflexus. Bol Soc Broter.1936; 11(II ser):27—42.
[57] Novák FJ. The changes of karyotype in callus cultures of Allium sativum L. Caryologia. 1974;27(1):45–54.
[58] Tanasch L. Cytologisch-zuchterische Untersuchungen an Knoblauch (Allium sativum L.). 1. Karyologische Beobachtungen an einigen in- und auslandischen Klonpopulationen. Bodenkultur. 1984;35(2):109—25.
[59] Tanasch L. Cytologisch-zuchterische Untersuchungen an Knoblauch (Allium sativum L.). 2. Karyologische und Morphologische Beobachtungen aus Versuchen zur sorteneeignung und zum Anbau von Knoblauch in Ostereich. Bodenkultur. 1984;35(4):341—53.
[60] Chaudhuri JB, Sharma A. Chromosome studies in certain members of Araceae. If Genet iber. 1978—1979(30—31):161—87.
[61] Muratova EN. Chromosomal polymorphism in natural populations of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.). Tsitol Genet. 1994;28(4):14-22.
[62] Lavania UC. Chromosomal instability in lemon grass, Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steudel) Wats. Genetica. 1987;72(3):211–5.
[63] Ostretsova IN, Agafodorova MN, Hrustaleva LI et al. Polisomatiya of initial forms of alfalfa used in somatic hybridization. 2nd Russian symposium. "New methods of plant biotechnology": Abstracts. (Pushchino, May 18-20, 1993.) Pushchino, 1993: 204
[64] Lima-de Faria A, Jaworska H. Haplo-diploid chimaeras in Haplopappus gracilis. Hereditas. 1964;52(1):119—22.
[65] Trunin LL. Cytogenetics of induced and spontaneous mixoploids of raspberries. 2nd meeting on plant karyology: Abstracts. Novosibirsk, 1989:107-10
[66] Prakash NS, Lakshmi N, Harini I. A note on spontaneous mixoploid in capsicum. Curr Sci. 1988;57(8):435-6.
[67] Rao Panuganti M, Nirmala A. Chromosome numerical mosaicism in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). Can J Genet Cytol. 1986;28(2):303—6.
[68] Lavania UC, Lavania S. Naturally occurring translocation dicentric chromosomes and somatic reduction inLathyrus sativus L. Experientia. 1982;38(6):662–3.
[69] Marchi P, Illuminati O, Macioce A, Capineri R, D’Amato G. Genome evolution and polyploidy in leucanthemum Vulgare Lam. Aggr. (Compositae). Karyotype analysis and DNA Microdensitometry. Caryologia. 1983;36(1):1–18.
[70] Nagendra P, Abraham Prasad Z. Polyploidy and speciation in Cosyus speciosus (Koen.) SM. Curr Sci. 1981;50(1):26-8.
[71] Zinov’Eva-Stahevitch AE, Grant WF. Polysomaty in the genus impatiens. Caryologia. 1984;37(4):435–8.
[72] Araratyan AT. Mixoploidy in sea buckthorn. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1940;27(8):861-4.
[73] Eliseev IP, Mishulina IA. Chromosome numbers and patterns of karyotype change in somatic cells of sea buckthorn. Proc Gorky Agricultural Institute. 1974;17(77):90-3.
[74] Sankina A, Panteleeva EI. Cytological evaluation of breeding material for common sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Siberian bulletin of agricultural science. 1978;(4):104-7.
[75] Privalov GF, Shmeleva IF. Radiosensitivity of Hippohae rhamaoides seeds. Radiobiologiia. 1971;11(3):421-5.
[76] Shapov IS, Kramer VK, Dragavtseva EV. Mixoploidy in apical meristems of different organs of sea buckthorn. Izv Sib Otdel Akad Nauk SSSR. 1984;18(3):70—4.
[77] Mezhlumov FK. Some results of cytological studies of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Izv Akad Nauk AzSSR, Ser biol nauk. 1989;3:74—6.
[78] Khokhlov SS, Tyrnov VS, Grishin EV, et al. Haploidy and breeding. Moscow, Nauka, 1976; 222 p.
[79] Zaikovskaya NE. Biology of flowering, cytology and embryology of sugar beet. Biology and breeding of sugar beet. Moscow, Kolos, 1968; 137-206.
[80] Topalè SG. Spontaneous polyploidy in Vitis vinifera L. and its implications for the breeding of grapes. Author. dis. ... kand biol nauk. Leningrad, 1972; 36 p.
[81] Buyukli MN. About spontaneous deviations from the typical cell mitosis and meiosis Vitis vinifera L. Sexual process and plant embryogenesis: Materials Proc. symposium. M., 1973: 30–1.
[82] Muratova EYa. Karyological study cedar pines Siberia and the Far East: Author. dis. ... kand biol nauk. Novosibirsk, 1982: 16 p.
[83] Butorina AK, Muraia LS, Isakov IuN. Spontaneous mutagenesis in Scotch pine ( Pinus silvestris L.). First case of the detection of a mutant with ring- and accessory chromosomes. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1979; 248(4):977—9.
[84] Isakov YuN, Butorina AK, Muraya LS. Discovering of spontaneous haploids in Pinus silvestris and the prospects of their using in forest genetics and selection. Genetika. 1981; 17(4):701-7.
[85] Muratova EYa. Karyological polymorphism conifers of Siberia and the Far East. 2nd soveshch. by karyotype plants: Proc. of reports. Novosibirsk, 1988: 31-3.
[86] Ivanov I. Karyology and ploidy on obiknovenata Breza (Betula pendula Roth.). Genetika i selektsiya. 1992; 25(1):104-13.
[87] Butorina AK. Factors evolution of karyotypes of wood. Usp Sovrem Biol. 1989;108(3(6):342-57.
[88] Baiashvili EI. Karyological study plums West Georgia. Soobshch Akad Nauk GSSR. 1983;110(1):173-6.
[89] Selvaraj R. Karyomorphological studies on Coffea arabica L. and C. robusta Linden. Nat Acad Sci Lett. 1981;4(9):359—60.
[90] Ohta Shigeku. Cytogenetical study on the speciation of Bupleurum falcatum L. {Umbelliferae). J Sci Hirosima Univ. 1991;23(2):373—88.
[91] Phadnis BA, Narkhede MN, Thombre MV. Further studies in polysomaty in root-tips of Cicer arietinum. Proc Indian Acad Sci. 1968; 68(6):279—83.
[92] Butorina AK, Muraya LS, Moreno W. Cytogenetics of Hibiscus elatus Sw. Genetika. 1990;26(1):149-53.
[93] Nazarova EA. Karyological polymorphism of Crepis pannonica (Jack.) C. Koch population. Genetika. 1976; 12(7):31-40.
[94] Nazarova E.L. B-chromosomes and spontaneous mutagenesis Crepis pannonica (Jack) C. Koch (Fam. Asteraceae). 4th Congress VOGiS: Proc. of reports. Kishinev: Shtiintsa, 1982. Ch 3: 73–4.
[95] Gobs-Sonnenschein C. Die experimentelle Erzeugung polyploider Sojabohnen mit Alkaloidgemischen in Verbindung mit Kreuzungen polyploider Rassen. Der Zuchter. 1943;15(3):62–8.
[96] Gandarillas SCH. The genetics and origin of quinua (Chenopodium Quinoa). Bol genet. 1976;9:3—14.
[97] Condit JJ. Cytological and morphological studies in the genus Ficus. I. Chromosome number and morphology in seven species. Univ Calif Publ Bot. 1928;2:12—21.
[98] Michaelson MJ, Price HJ, Johnston JS, Ellison JR. Variation of nuclear DNA content in Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae). Am J Bot. 1991; 78(9):1238—43.
[99] Rithidech K, Ramirez DA. Cytological survey of Saccharum spontaneum L. in the Philippines. Philipp Agr. 1974; 58(5—6):205—24.
[100] Sreenivasan TV. Cytological studies in Saccharum spontaneum. Proc Indian Acad Sci. 1975; B81(3):131—44.
[101] Sreenivasan TV, Ahloowalia BS, Heinz DJ. Cytogenetics. Sugarcane improv breed. Amsterdam, 1987; 211—253.
[102] Frias de Fernandez AM, Hinojo MEC, Lozzia de Canelada ME. Cytogenetica de la cana de azucar. 1. Recuentos cromosomicos de variedades cuitivadas en el noroeste argentino. Lilloa. 1978;35(1):23—30.
[103] Nagai C, Ahloowalia BS, Tew TL. Somaclonal variants from an intergeneric hybrid: Saccharum spp. hybrid x Erianthus arundinaceum. Euphytica. 1991;53(3):193–9.
[104] Buyukli MV. On karyotype and polyploid series of Lavandulla L. genus. Tsitol Genet. 1970; 4(3):268-74.
[105] Miroshnichenko EYa, Avrasina IV. Karyological polymorphism of Siberian biotypes of Poa pratensis L. Genetika. 1975;11(3):45-9.
[106] Lebedeva SK. Polyploidy, aneuploidy and mixoploidy in meadow grass. Sci. tehn. Bull. Institute of Plant. 1985; 155:39—40.
[107] Wafai BA, Koul AK. Some naturally occurring chromosome anomalies in Tulipa clusiana DC. Genetica. 1983;60(2):157–60.
[108] Turkov VD, Shelepina GA, Taledo D. et al. Study of chromosome sets of wild potato species donor economically useful traits. Dokl VASHNIL. 1989;2:14—6.
[109] Grisel LL. Estudio del cariotipo en el tomate Bolivar (Lvcopersicon esculentum MUD. Cull trop. 1984;6(4):939—55.
[110] Pervova YuO, Vaynahiy IV, Hershunina LM. The question of polyploidy in creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.). Ukr bot zh. 1971; 28(1):37–41.
[111] Pervova YuO, Hershunina LM. About intraspecific variation Ranunculus repens L. Bull. Moscow Society of Naturalists. 1976; 81(4):64–74.
[112] Lipayeva LI. Apomixis and the prospects for its use in breeding of polyploid cells. Polyploidy and selection: Proc. soveshch. (14-18 January, 1963). Leningrad: Nauka, 1965: 100–4.
[113] Chuksanova NA. Polyploidy and speciation in plants. Theor. and scient. problems of polyploidy. Moscow: Nauka, 1974: 64–80.
[114] Breslavets LP. Polyploidy in nature and experience. Moscow: Publishing House. AN SSSR, 1963: 364 p.
[115] Chugunkova TV, Shevtsov IA. Cytogenetics sugar beet. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1992: 176.
[116] Sapre AB. Cyto-embryological studies in a garden aloe (a hybrid between A. abyssinica Lam. and A. ferox Mill.) II. Karyotype and mitotic anomalies. Cytologia. 1976; 41(2):253—9.
[117] Szwabowicz A. Microsporogenesis of Betula oycoviensis and its progeny. Acta Soc bot pol. 1976; 45(1—2):169—84.
[118] Schifino MT, Zanella CC, Gus R. Chromosome number instability in Phalaris L. Cytologia. 1985;50(1):89–99.
[119] Schifino MT, Gus R. Transmission of somatic chromosome number instability in Phalaris L. (Gramineae). Rev bras genet. 1986;9(3):549—54.
[120] Ising G. Cytogenetic studies in Cyrtanthus. III. Aneuploidy and structural chromosome changes. Hereditas. 1969; 63(1—2):213—56.
[121] Kerkis J. Some problems of spontaneous and induced mutagenesis in mammals and man. Mutat Res. 1975;29(2):271-7.
[122] McClintock B. The significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Dyn. Genome: Barbara McClintock's ideas Century Genet. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Lab., 1992; 361—80.
[123] Makhalin MA. Some questions distant hybridization and polyploidy. Distant hybridization and polyploidy. Moscow: Nauka, 1970: 116–23.
[124] Shevtsov IA. Genetic improvement principles autopolyploid plants. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1976: 216 p.
[125] Sandfaer J. The occurrence of spontaneous triploids in different barley varieties. Hereditas. 1975;80(1):149–53.
[126] Sreenivasan TV, Sreenivasan J. Cytology of saccharum complex from new Guinea, Indonesia and India. Caryologia. 1984;37(4):351–7.
[127] Pylnev VM, Sinkevych AI. Modifying factors of the spontaneous hybridization of wheat. Proc. scientific. tr. Proc. selection. genet. Inst. 1976; 14:29–39.
[128] Boguslavskiy RL, Zhukov VI. Spontaneous hybridization in species of the genus Aegilops L. conditions in Dagestan. Bull Institute of Plant. 1978; 84:65–8.
[129] Tsvelev NN. On the origin and evolution of the main directions of cereals. Problems of evolution. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975; 4:107–17.
[130] Thompson JD, Lumaret R. The evolutionary dynamics of polyploid plants: origins, establishment and persistence. Trends Ecol Evol. 1992;7(9):302-7.
[131] Gotshlak V. Polyploidy and its role in the evolution of higher plants. Lies. achieve molecular. Chromosomes and cell biology. Alma-Ata, 1989:7–45.
[132] Brandham PE, West JP. Correlation between nuclear DNA values and differing optimal ploidy levels in Narcissus, Hyacinthus and Tulipa cultivars. Genetica. 1993;90(1):1–8.
[133] Kalia V, Mehra PN. Morphological variation in relation to chromosomal variation in Saccharum bengalense Retz. complex. Cytologia. 1989;54(3):499–504.
[134] Kondo K, Sheikh SA, Tanaka R. et at. Spontaneous occurrence of tetraploid and triploid plants in diploid cultivated population of Pfiaiaenopsis anabilis {Orchidaceae). Senshikutai Kromosomo. 1993; 69;2355—29.
[135] Spies JJ, Russell GEG. Variation in important pasture grasses. II. Cytogenetic and reproductive variation. Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa. 1988;5(1):22–5.
[136] Keeler KH. Distribution of polyploid variation in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii, Poaceae) across the tallgrass prairie region. Genome. 1990;33(1):95–100.
[137] Tyagi BR. The mechanism of 2n pollen formation in diploids of Costus speciosus (Koenig) J.E. Smith and role of sexual polyploidization in the origin of intraspecific chromosomal races. Cytologia. 1988;53(4):763–70.
[138] Breslavets AP. Value of polyploidy in changing the signs of the plants. Polyploidy in plants: Proc. meet poliplody plants. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962:21–32.
[139] Ryzhkov VL. Polyploidy and qualitative and quantitative relationships in genetics. Polyploidy in plants, Proc meet poliplodii plants. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962: 33–8.
[140] Svidchenko AI. On the connection cherezzernitsy tetraploid maize with reverse. Exper polyploidy in crop plants. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1974: 99–104.
[141] Chuvashina NP. Mitotic instability in induced genomic mutants currant. Spontaneous and induced mutagenesis in the selection of garden plants: Proceedings of symposium. M., 1974:152–3.
[142] Ismailov KG. Role of polyploidy in the formative process of cotton. IV Proc. meet poliplody: Proc. of reports. Kiev, 1975: 54–5.
[143] Petrushina MP, Slyusarenko ZS. Genomic instability subtetraploidov sugar beet and its role in the formation and tetraploid populations poligibridnyh. III Congress of Geneticists and Breeders of Ukraine: Proc. of reports. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1976; Part 1: 121–2.
[144] Carlbom C. Premeiotic reduction in Agrostis L., Potentilla L., and Triticum L. Hereditas. 1969;61(3):421–3.
[145] Sadasivaiah R. S., Lesins K. Reduction of chromosome number in root tip cells of Medicago. Can J Genet Cytol. 1974;16(1): 219—27.
[146] Shumnyy VK. Study tetraploid maize. Poliplodiya and selection, Proc. sovesh. (14-18 January, 1963). Moscow-Leningrad.: Nauka, 1965:303–7.
[147] Sheikh SA, Kondo K, Hashimoto K. Variation of chromosome number in some hybrid progenies between a diploid plant and a tetraploid plant of Plialaenopsis amabilis in a breeding line (Orchidaceae). Senshokutai—Kromosomo. 1993;69:2360—4.
[148] Kolontaev VM. Experimental mutagenesis in apple. Posts. III. Nitrosomethyl urea-induced morphological and genetic changes in Malius domestica. Genetika. 1974; 10(4):18-26.
[149] Sidorov BN, Sokolov YaYa, Vakulenko NA, Ogorodnikova AR. Blockade of the spindle and gipopoliploidny growth with colchicine mitosis. Polyploidy and selection: Tr. soveshch. Moscow-Leningrad.: Nauka, 1965: 109–22.
[150] Sakharov VV. Somatic reduction as a reason peculiar mosaic in tetraploid buckwheat. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1946;52(4):349–52.
[151] Sakharov VV, Mansurov LI, Naumenko VA, Melkonova EF. Genomic mutations in somatic cells polyploid caucasian daisy. Exper. mutagenesis of animals, plants and microorganisms: Proc. of reports. M., 1965; Pt 2: 60–2.
[152] Tarasevich EI. Preparation polyploid forms and their biological characteristics. Polyploidy and selection, Proc meet. Moscow-Leningrad.: Nauka, 1965: 257–63.
[153] Nuti RV, Giorgetti L, Martini G. Somatic embryogenesis in DaucuS carota: Mechanism of polyploidization and ploidy reduction in cultured cells and regenerated embryos. Proc. II Int. Symp. "Embryol. and Seed Reprod" (Leningrad, July 3—7, 1990). St. Petersburg, 1992:409—410.
[154] Hegwood MP, Hough LF. A mosaic pattern of chromosome numbers in the white winter pearmain apple and six of its seedlings. Am J Bot. 1958;45(5):349-54.
[155] Solov'eva LV. Chromosome numbers of elite seedlings and certain varieties of apple tree. Genetika. 1973;9(11):66-72.
[156] Solovyova LV. Polyploid seedlings apple. Sexual process and plant embryogenesis: Proceedings of the All-Union symposium. M. 1973:217-8.
[157] Domracheva II. Instability of chromosome number in the tissues of roots of hybrid seedlings apple. Vestnik Moskov Univ. Ser biol. 1977; 1:87–9.
[158] Olden EJ. Sexual and apomictic seed formation in M alius sieboldii Rehd. Bot notiser. 1953;106:105—8.
[159] Mashkin SN, Butorina AK, Pozhidayeva IM. Chromosomal mosaic somatic cells of interspecific hybrids of fruit plants as a result of violation of mitosis in ontogenesis. Some issues of genetics and plant breeding. - Voronezh, Izd Voronezh University, 1975:26—35.
[160] Kursakov GA. Some questions and polyploidy breeding plum (Prunus Miti.) II IV All-Union. soveshch. by poliplody: Proc. Conf. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1975:67—8.
[161] Nikolaeva MG. Hybridization cherry plum and apricot. Biology and remote hybridization of fruit. Kishinev Shtiintsa, 1977: 47—70.
[162] Bavtuto GA. Hybridization in selection of gooseberry. Sb. scientific. Works Research Institute of Horticulture. IV Michurina. 1975; Iss 21;168-73.
[163] Kharitonov EN. On the reconstruction of cherry-cherry hybrids (Cerasus vulgaris S. avium) and the hybrid nature of ordinary cherry (Cerasus vulgaris MUD). Polyploidy in plants. M., 1962:298—303.
[164] Kirichek IM, Dutova LI. Spontaneous variability of cherries. Third All-Union Congress. of the Society of Geneticists and Breeders them. Vavilov: Proc. Conf. (Leningrad, 16-20 May, 1977). Leningrad,1977:239—40.
[165] Mashḳin SI. Mixoploidy by cherry-cherry hybrids, its causes and significance. XIV Intern. genet. Congress (Moscow, 21-30 August., 1978) Proc. Conf. M. 1978; Pt 2:152.
[166] Mashkina OS. Cytological study cherry-cherry hybrids and their initial forms. Genet. principles and methods of plant breeding. Voronezh, 1979: 30—40.
[167] Vijendra DLD, Sree RSR. Embryological studies in the sterile intraspecific hybrid of rice between O. sativa (autotetraoloid) and O. perennis (diploid). Sci Cult. 1974;40(6):253—4.
[168] Gymer PT, Whittington WJ. Hybrids between lolium perenne and festuca pratensis. IV. Cytological abnormalities. New Phytol. 1975;75(2):259–67.
[169] Pospelova LS. Meiotic instability of perennial wheat-rye couchgrass hybrids of A I Derzhavin and possible reasons of its arising. Tsitol Genet. 1973;7(7):224-7.
[170] Agaev YM, Gasheva HA. Some data on the study of meiosis in hybrids of Triticum turgidum (L.) var. nigrobarbutum x Aegilops sguarrosa L. II Thes. Conf. All-Union. soveshch. by hybridization in plants and animals. M, 1968:114—116.
[171] Love RM. Occurrence of haploid pollen mother cells in a vulgare wheat. Nature. 1936;138(3492):589–90.
[172] Thompson MM. Cytogenetics of rubus. III. Meiotic instability in some higher polyploids. Am J Bot. 1962;49(6):575-9.
[173] Belyaeva RG, Shugaeva EW, Lutkov AM. Aneuploidy in seed progeny of alloploid Mentha piperita L. Genetika. 1970; 6(6):48-58.
[174] Orlova IN. Causes mosaicism of the sporogenous tissue with respect of chromosomes numbers in microsporocytes of hexaploid triticale. Genetika. 1976;12(12):7-13.
[175] Orlova IN. Development of GA Levitsky work on cytogenetics of triticale. Bull Institute of Plant. 1978;83:44—59.
[176] Rigin BV, Orlova IN. Wheat-rye amphidiploids. L .: Kolos, 1977. 280 p.
[177] Kolev DH, Kamishev NK. Cytologic research of wheat-rye amphidiploids (Triticale-2n=56). Tsitol Genet. 1970; 4(1):3-9.
[178] Golubovskaya IN, Shkutina FM, Khvostova VV. The instability of chromosome number observed in the meiosis in in wheat-rye and incomplete wheat-wheatgrass amphidiploids. Genetika. 1967;(1):25-33.
[179] Golubovskaya IN. Cytogenetic analysis of incomplete wheat-wheatgrass amphidiploids (NISHA) 2n-56. Cytogenetics of hybrids, mutations and evolution of the karyotype. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1977;36—57.
[180] Shkutina FM. Cytogenetics and breeding of triticale. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1977;11—36.
[181] Khvostova VV, Golubovskaya IN, Shkutina FM. Cytogenetics allopolyploids. III All-Union. soveshch. by poliplodii: Proc. Conf. -Minsk, 1979;8—9.
[182] Kozlovskaya VF, Khvostova VV. Cytogenetic analysis of the mutant type of wheat obtained from the 56-chromosome wheat-wheatgrass amphidiploids incomplete. Theor Pract problems of polyploidy. M .: Nauka, 1974;230—48.
[183] Glavatskaya TP, Kopenkina ID, Shavro AI. The initial stages of the development of reproductive organs in 42-and 56-chromosome wheat-wheatgrass hybrids. Sexual process and plant embryogenesis: Materials-Union. symposium. M. 1973;48—9.
[184] Scoles GI, Kaltsikes PJ. The cytology and cytogenetics of Triticale II Z Pflanzenzucht. 1974;73:13—43.
[185] Mezhlumov FK. Cytogenetic analysis of 42-chromosome rye-aegilops amphidiploids. Tsitol Genet. 1975;9(4):338-42.
[186] Rasi-Zade GM. Cytogenetic analysis of 56-chromosome Aegilops wheat amphidiploids. Genetika. 1982;18(12):2008-12.
[187] Lyubimova VF. Three kinds of wheat-rye-wheat grass amphidiploids and their offspring. Selection of distant hybrids and polyploids. M. 1974; 40—53.
[188] Petrov O. I. The current state of work on the creation of long-term grain sorghum in the Stavropol Agricultural Research Institute. Proc. Conf. All-Union. soveshch. by hybridization in plants and animals. M., 1968;136—7.
[189] Yudin BF. Some aberrant forms of plants in the progeny of the 38-chromosome maize-trips akumnyh apomicts. Alomiksis and its significance for the evolution and selection. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976;96—103.
[190] Lukina LA, Yudin BF. Somatic instability of chromosome number in some hybrids of maize and Tripsacum. Induced mutagenesis and apomixis. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1980;64—78.
[191] Belyaeva RG. Cytogenetic features of the experimental allopolyploids Mentha piperita L. and interspecific hybrids of Mentha II Target. and Pract. problems of polyploidy. M .: Science,1974;132—43.
[192] Bakhramov A. Cytogenetic studies of single and double interspecific hybrids of cotton: Author. dis. ... kand. biol. nauk. Kiev, 1979. 18 p.
[193] Luneva MZ. Shaping hybrids shag (herb) with a tree tobacco. Proc. Conf. All-Union. meet by hybridization in plants and animals. M., 1968;203-5.
[194] Gangadevi T, Rao PN, Satyanarayana KV. Cytogenetic study of an interspecific cross of Nicotiana debneyi X N. umbratica. Theor Appl Genet. 1982;63(2):177-81.
[195] Agayev YUM, Galiyeva KhA. Sexual reproduction and apomixis in remote crosses of cereals. Alomiksis and cytoembryology plants. - Saratov. Izd. Univ Saratov University, 1978; 4:7-9.
[196] Abdrakhmanova GO. Meiosis and pollen viability of interspecific hybrids of wheat. Works Inst of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR 1976;36:33-8.
[197] Budashkina YeB, Korobeynikova MKh., Kalinina ML. Cytogenetic study of interspecific hybrids of wheat and their breeding value. Cytogenetics of hybrids, mutations and evolution of the karyotype. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1977, p 79-102.
[198] Gavrilova OM. On the instability of chromosomes in somatic tissues of hybrid wheat plants. IV All-Union. soveshch. by poliplodii: Proc. Kiev, 1975:31—2.
[199] Kandelaki GK To morphogenesis in distant hybrids. Proc. Conf. by hybridization in plants and animals. M, 1968:84—5.
[200] Rabinovich SV. Methods of work and original forms of triticale breeding. New methods of making and using the starting materials for plant breeding. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1979:29—37.
[201] Agaev YM, Galieva KhA. Polyploidy and apomixis in the hybridization of cereals. Sexual process and plant embryogenesis: Materials-Union. symposium. M, 1973;4—5.
[202] Zhironkin IM. Amphidiploids in currants. Polillodiya and selection, Proc. meet. (14-18 January. 1963). M-L, 1965;271—3.
[203] Singh U, Vari AK. Occurrence of multiploid sporocytes m the interspecies hybrid of Pennisetum typhoides S. and H * P. orientate Rich II CIS. 1974;16:13—14.
[204] Inomata N. Production of interspecific hybrids in brassica campestris x b. oleracea by culture in vitro of excised ovaries I. Development of excised ovaries in the crosses of various cultivars. Jpn J Genet. 1978;53(3):161–73.
[205] Topalè S. G. Cytogenetic study of distant hybrids of grapes (Vitis vinifera V. rotundifolia). 4th Congress VOGiS: Proc. Conf. Kishinev Shtiintsa, 1982; Pt 3:214—5.
[206] Shchepot'ev FL, Gerasimenko AG. On A apomixis in walnut. Apomixis and selection. M .: Nauka, 1970;232—8.
[207] Fadeev GS, Sosnihina SP, Irkaeva IM Comparative genetics of plants. L .: Publ Leningrad University, 1980; 248 p.
[208] Werner IE, Peloauin SI. Inheritance and two mechanisms of 2n egg formation in 2x potatoes. J Hered. 1990; 81(5):371—4.
[209] Choudhuri HC. Cytological studies in west African diploid Solatium melongena L. var. Bassawa. Cytologia. 1975;40(2):389—400.
[210] Gorbanʹ HS, Shuzhndin AF, Cherednichenko VM. The phenomenon sintsytiy in mizhamfidiploschnyh hybrids. 5th Congress of Eng. bot. Society: Proc Uzhhorod. 1972;201.
[211] Shulyndin AF. Using rye genome in transforming the heredity of plants. The Agricultural biology. 1976;11(1):14—22.
[212] Turovtsev YaN. Spontaneous and experimental clonal variation in fruit plants. Spontaneous and induced mutagenesis in the selection of garden plants: Proceedings of the Symposium. M, 1974;135—8.
[213] Karpechenko GD. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. Brassica oleracea L. classics of Soviet genetics. L.: Nauka, 1968;461—511.
[214] Laurie DA, Bennett MD. The timing of chromosome elimination in hexaploid wheat × maize crosses. Genome. 1989;32(6):953–61.
[215] Shoemaker RC, Heath MS, Skorupksa H, Delannay X, Edge M, Newell CA. Fertile progeny of a hybridization between soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and G. tomentella Hayata. Theor Appl Genet. 1990;80(1):17-23.
[216] Shulyndin AF. Synthesis of three-species wheat-rye amphidiploids. Genetika. 1970;6(6):23-35.
[217] Shkutin FM On the cytogenetic instability triticale. Izv. SO AN SSSR. Ser. biol. nauk. 1983;10(2):58—64.
[218] Arutyunova LG. Cytological bases of somatic segregation in polygenic interspecies hybrids of cotton (Gossypium L.). Genetika. 1979;15(8):1456-68.
[219] Arutyunova LG, Ablayeva RA. Variation of chromosome number of interspecific hybrids of cotton (Gossipium L.) Tsitol Genet. 1983;22(3):8-12.
[220] Muntzing A Some results from cytogenetic studies and breeding work in triticale. Izuchenie i selektsiya. L., 1975;70—4.
[221] Stepochkin PYa. Analysis of meiosis different forms 42-chromosome triticale by differential staining of chromosomes. Izv. SO AN SSSR. Ser. biol. nauk. 1975;3(15):139—41.
[222] Semyonov VI, Semyonova EV, Smislova VD, Maslova MA. The study of chromosome number in the F2-F4 generation from crossing of durum wheat non-complete wheat-elymus amphyploids. Genetika. 1983;19(1):146—57.
[223] Gupta SB, Gupta P. Karyotypic modification and preferential somatic elimination of the Nicotiana phimbaginifolia chromosome in the hybrid derivatives of N. tabacum and N. plumbaginifolta. Genetics (USA). 1975; 80(3. Suppl.; pt 1):38.
[224] Bennett MD, Finch RA, Barclay IR. The time rate and mechanism of chromosome elimination in Hordeum hybrids. Chromosoma. 1976;54(2):175–200.
[225] Fukuyama T, Hosoya H. Time, pattern and genetic control of chromosome elimination in interspecies hybrids between 4x Hordeum bulbosum L. and 4x H. vulgare L. I'I Barley Genet Newstett. 1981;1:47—50.
[226] Kasha KJ, Reinbergs E, Johns WA, et al. Barley hapioid studies. Barley Genet. News. Fori Collins, Colo, 1972; Vol. 52:36—41.
[227] Luk'yanyuk S. F., Ignatova S. A, Maksimova VI. Obtaining haploid Hordeum vulgare when crossed with Hordeum bulbosum. Dokl. VASKHNIL. 1980;(2):7—10.
[228] Jie Xu, Snape JW. The cytology of hybrids between Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum bulbosum revised. Genome. 1988;30(4):486—94.
[229] Ho KM, Kasha KJ. Genetic Control of Chromosome Elimination during Haploid Formation in Barley. Genetics. 1975;81(2):263-75.
[230] Thörn EC. Plant Regeneration from Embryos Derived from Crosses between Hordeum Vulgare and H. Bulbosum. Hereditas. 1993;118(1):39–47.
[231] Subrahmanyam NC. Haploidy from Hordeum interspecific crosses : Part 3: trihaploids of H. arizonicum and H. lechleri. Theor Appl Genet. 1980;56(6):257-63.
[232] Subrahmanyam NC. Species dominance in chromosome elimination in barley hybrids. Curr Sd. (India); 1982;51(1):28—31.
[233] Fedak G. Haploids from barley x rye crosses. Can J Genet Cytol. 1977;19(1):15-9.
[234] Barclay IR. High frequencies of haploid production in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by chromosome elimination. Nature. 1975;256(5516):410–1.
[235] Miller N, Chapman V. Aneuploids in bread wheat. Genet Rev Camb. 1976;28:37—45.
[236] Novak FI, Ohnoutkova L. Die entfernte Hybridization als Methode zur Gewinnung von Haploiden von Gerste und Wezen. Tagungsber. Dtsch. Akad. Landwirtschaftswiss. Berlin. 1980; 171:157—162.
[237] Finch RA, Bennett MD. Preferential survival of wheat haploids over hybrids in a wheat × barley cross. Heredity. 1982;48(2):293–8.
[238] Laurie DA, Bennett MD. The production of haploid wheat plants from wheat x maize crosses. Theor Appl Genet. 1988;76(3):393-7.
[239] Wang Jing-Lin, Sun Jing-san, Lu Tie-gang, et al. Fertilization and embryonic development wheat-corn hybrids. Acta Bot Sin. 1991; 33(9):674—9.
[240] Riera JL, Lizaracu O, Mujeeb-Kazi A, William M. Maize (Zea mays L.) mediated polyhaploid production in some Triticeae using a detached tiller method. J Genet Breed. 1992; 46(4):335-46.
[241] Subrahmanyam NC, Kasha KJ. Feeding of detached tillers improves haploid production in barley. Barley Genet Newsl. Fort Collins, Colo, 1973; Vol. 3:62-5.
[242] Fedak G. Evaluation of double haploids in barley. Z Phlanzenzucht. 1976:76(2):147-51.
[243] Jensen CJ. Monoploid production by chromosome elimination. Appl. and fundam. aspects plant cell, tissue, and organ cult. Berlin, 1977:299-340.
[244] Baenziger PS, Kudirka DT, Schaeffer GW, Lazar MD. The significance of doubled haploid variation. Gene manipul. plant improv: 16th stadler genet, symp. New York; London, 1984:385—414.
[245] Gerasimova TI. Molecular basis of hybrid dysgenesis. Genetika. 1985;21(1):5-14.
[246] Ananiev EV, Chernyshev AI. Molecular organization of plant genome. Genome organization. 1989; 318–36.
[247] Silina Z. M. Biological features and polyploidy in some varieties of tulips, obtained with the participation of Central Asian species. Forming and breeding decorative plants. 1969; 124–6.
[248] Borovsky MI, Karayvanov GP. Mutations in the progenies of maize hybrids with teosinte and tripsacum. Distant hybridization of plants in Moldavia. 1976; 4–6.
[249] Tarasova EM, Kokareva EA. Biology and morphological characteristics and karyologically interspecific hybrid F1A. cepa L. x A. pskemense V. Fedtsch. Proc. Timiriazev agr. akad. 1982;3:102-9.
[250] Romanovsky MG, Riabokon SM. Heterozygosity of individuum as mutagenic factor. Genetika. 1992;28(12)88—97.
[251] Biradar DP, Lane Rayburn A. Heterosis and nuclear DNA content in maize. Heredity.1993;71(3):300–4.
[252] Rayburn AL, Biradar DP, Bullock DG, McMurphy LM. Nuclear DNA content in F1 hybrids of maize. Heredity. 1993;70(3):294–300.
[253] Aliyev RT. The changes of repeated sequences fractions in plant the genomes under heterosis. Genetika. 1993; 29(6):990-4.
[254] Badaev NS, Muravenko OV, Badaeva ED, Amosova AV. Genotype-environment interaction and the formation of genome of cereals. 2nd russ. symp. "New methods of plant biotechnology" (Pushchino, 18-20 May, 1993). 1993: 184.
[255] Boyko EV, Badaev JS, Maximov NT, Zelenin AV. Regularities of formation and organization of the genome of cereals. Posts. 1. Changing the amount of DNA allopoliploidization. Genetika. 1988;24(1):89—97.
[256] Volkov RA, Kostyshin SS, Miroshnichenko GP. Changes of plant repetitive DNA sequences in interspecific hybridization. Zh Obshch Biol. 1989;50(4):446—57.
[257] Miroshnichenko GP, Borisyuk NV, Volkov RA. Organization of rDNA repeat units in the Solanaceae sexual and parasexual hybrids. Biokhimiia. 1989;54(4):669-75.
[258] Vershinin AV, Salina EA, Svitashev SK. Is there a connection between genomic changes and wide hybridization? Hereditas. 1992;116(3):213-7.
[259] Poulsen GB, Kahl G, Weising K. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting of resynthesized Brassica napus. Euphytica. 1993;70(1-2):53–9.
[260] Muravenko OV, Badaev IS, Rudenko MI, Pukhalsky VA, Zelenin AV. Regularities of genome formation and organization in cereals. II. Chromosomal polymorphism of barley intervariety hybrids. Genetika. 1990;26(6):1070-8.
[261] Shcherbakov VK. The natural mutation process and the evolution of plants. Tsitol Genet. 1968;2(1):63-71.
[262] Kirillova GA. The phenomenon of haploidy in angiosperms. Genetika. 1966;(2):137-47.
[263] Butorina AK, Isakov YuN, Muraya LS. Somatic reduction of the pine chromosomes (Pinus sylvestris L.). Tsitologiia. 1984;26(7):852-5.
[264] Komarova PI, Grishina EV. About the frequency haploidy and polyembryony in maize diploid offspring restorative. Third Congress of the Union Society of Geneticists and Breeders of Vavilov (16-20 May 1971). Leningrad: Nauka. 1971: 228–65.
[265] Ames IH, Mitra J. Spontaneous Reduction of Somatic Chromosomes in Haplopappus gracilis. Nature. 1966;210(5039):973–4.
[266] Panin VA, Drach JL, Rybak DA. Principles and methods of creating stable tetraploid populations of beet. Experimental polyploidy in crop plants. Kiev: Naukova dumka. 1974: 157-66.
[267] Kirillova GA, Bogdanova EN. The comparative study of haploid tomato form existing for a long time and homozygous diploid form obtained from it. Genetika. 1978;14(6):1030-7.
[268] Habib A F, Sindagi SS. Occurrence of spontaneous haploid in Ricinus communis var. Aruna. Curr Sci (India). 1975;44(6):210.
[269] Dare C. Doubiement du stock chroraosomique d'haploides d'Asperge (Asparagus officinalis L.) par culture in vitro des meristemes en presence de colchicine. Ann Amelior Plantes. 1976; 26(4):647—53.
[270] Gorenfiot R, Raicu P, Pelietier G, Patrascu M. Contribution a P etude caryologique dTiaploides artificiels du Nicotiana tabacum. C r Acad Sci.1975;281(15):1097—100.
[271] Lechmann C, Krolow K-D. Experiroente on haploid production from tetraploid triticales by the Hordeum bulbosum system and anther culture. Cereal Res Commun. 1991; 19(3):283—90.
[272] Picard E, Buyser J. Nouveaux resultats conceraat la culture d'antheres de Triticum aestivum L. Conditions de regeneration des plantes haploides et production de lignees entierement homozygotes. C r Acad Sci. 1975; 281(14):989—92
[273] Heszky JL, Pauk J. Induction of haploid rice plants of different origin in anther culture. Riso. 1975;24(3):197—204.
[274] Heszky L. Types of homozygous diploid production from anther culture and from pollen-derived haplotds of higher plants. Acta agron acad sci hung. 1976;25(3—4):431—7.
[275] Grishina EV, Vladimirova GI. Cytogenetic characteristic some haploid varieties of maize. Apomixis and cytoembriology of plants. Saratov: Saratov in. Univ. 1975;3: 123–6.
[276] Tarasenko ND, Skvortsov EP, Laptev YuP. Haploidy of potatoes. Potatoes Genetics. M. Nauka. 1973: 140-56.
[277] Powell JB, Hanna WW, Burton GW. Origin, Cytology, and Reproductive Characteristics of Haploids in Pearl Millet1. Crop Science. 1975;15(3):389-72.
[278] Yudin BF. On the problem of diploidization of haploids. Apomixis and its significance for the evolution and selection. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 1976: 136-145.
[279] Hall JB, Tomlinson PB. Natural callus-like tissue produces vegetative buds on the leaves of the monocotyledon Haemanthus cinnabarinus Decaisne (Amaryllidaceae). Nat New Biol. 1973;243(129):252-5.
[280] Krenke NP. Plant regeneration. M-L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1950: 676.
[281] Hollis LP. Mutagenic action of nematodes on plants. Phytopathology. 1979;69(5):528.
[282] Kupila-Ahvenniemi S, Therman E. DNA synthesis, mitosis and ploidy of dividing cells in early crown gall. Physiol Plant. 1974;32(2):122–7.
[283] Tarasenko ND. Chromosomal aberrations in vaccinations. Izv Sib otd Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser Biol-Med nauk. 1964;4(1):143—5.
[284] Guzhov YuL. Study of the effect of vaccination on the pea seed progeny (the issue of vegetative hybridization). Izv Sib otd Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser Biol nauk. 1968;2:244—62.
[285] Liznev VN. Chromosomal abnormalities in vaccination fruit plants. Izv Sib otd Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser Biol-Med nauk. 1968;15(3):109—10.
[286] Kolontayev VM. Cytogenetic effects of apple induced under the influence of different types of stocks. Agricultural biology. 1974;9 (4):539-42.
[287] Ogure Masayosh L. Effects of temporary intergeneric grafting on the chromosome number of mulberry tree. JAJRQ: Jap Agr Res Quart. 1987;20(4):269—75.
[288] Kravchenko M. L. Creating forms of rye with translocated in the genome chromosome segments of wheat. Nauchn Dokl Vyshch Shkol Biol NAuk. 1978;11:113—7.
[289] Ohta Yasuo. Hereditary changes induced by grafting and by DNA application and their implication in Capsicum breeding. Capsicum. C r. 30 Congr. Eucarpia genet, et selec. piment. Montfavet-Avigroib 1977;147—53.
[290] Pandey KK. Genetic transformation and "graft-hybridization" in flowering plants. Theor Appl Genet. 1976;47(6):299-302.
[291] Kuwada Y. Meiosis in the pollen cells of Zea mays. Bot Mag Tokyo. 1911; 25:163—81.
[292] Randolf LE. Types of supernumerary chromosomes in maize. Anat Rec. 1928; 41:102—8.
[293] Dnyansagar VR, Pingle AR. Effects of fragments and probable origin of B-chromosomes in Solanum viarum Dunal. Cytologia. 1979;44(3):561–9.
[294] Moshkovich A. M. Additional chromosome of angiosperm plants. Chisinau: Shtiintsa. 1979: 164.
[295] Rostovtseva TS. Accessory chromosomes in some plants species. Tsitol Genet. 1983;17(3):8-12.
[296] Solovieva LV, Plekhanova NM. On accessory chromosomes in honeysuckle. Tsitol Genet. 1992;26(3):21-5.
[297] Pulkina SV, Tsitlenok SI. Karyological study of some species of the genus Crepis. Youth and scientific and engineering progress: 5th region. scientific-practical. conf. Tomsk. 1986: 15.
[298] Lespinasse R. Genese des chromosomes B el leur avenir evolutif. Actes Colloq. biol. populat. (Lyon, 4—6 sept., 1986). Lyon, 1987:427—32.
[299] Sammour RH, Hamoud MA, Haidar AS. Seed Protein Variation in Relation to Cytological Features of Some Species in Genus Lotus L. Citologia. 1991;56(2):289–91.
[300] Latka KA, Pantulu IV, Krishna RRV. Effects of B chromosomes on leaf phenolic compound patterns in two West African populations of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). Genet and Breed. 1992; 46(2):133—5.
[301] Porter HL, Rayburn AL. B-chromosome and C-band heterochromatin variation in Arizona maize populations adapted to different altitudes. Genome. 1990;33(5):659–62.
[302] Saralva LS, de Carvalho CB. Genetic evidence of an internal deletion induced by B chromosomes in maize (Zea mays L). Rev bras genet. 1993: 16(1):108-13.
[303] Patra NK, Srivastava HK, Shauhan SP. B chromosomes in spontaneous and induced intercellular chromosome migration of Papaver somniferum. Indian J Genet Plant Breed. 1988;48(1):31—42.
[304] Brocka MV. B-chromosome polymorphism in natural populations of Picea obovata Ledeb. The role of selection in the improvement of Latvia forests. – Riga: NGO "Silava", Latvia. SRI forest probl. 1990: 105-8.
[305] Bjerketvedt D, Laane MM. Accessory chromosomes in norwegian populations of Paris quadrifolia L. Cytologia. 1982;47(2):391–8.
[306] Amouroux-Pezas C. Étude de la variabilité numérique intra-individuelle induite par des chromosomes surnuméraires de type B chez Pennisetum violaceum . Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France Actualités Botaniques. 1985;132(2):81–7.
[307] Sreenath HL, Jagadishchandra KS. In vivo and in vitro instability of B chromosomes in palmarosa grass (Cymbopogon martinii var. motia). Genome. 1988;30(6):966–73.
[308] Alfentio MR, Birchler JA. Studies on B chromosome stability during development. Meydica. 1991;36(2):359—66.
[309] Chen Q, Jahier J, Condemn Y. The B chromosome system of Inner Mongolian Agropyron Gaertn. 3. Cytogenetical evidence for B-A pairing at metaphase. Hereditas. 1993;119(1):53—8.
[310] Puertas MJ, Vega JM, Romera F, Díez M. Frequency-dependent fertilisation involving rye B chromosomes. Heredity. 1988;61(1):143–7.
[311] Rubtsov ZM. Development of evolutionary cytogenetics of plants in the USSR. - L .: Nauka, 1975;170 p.
[312] Broksh VL, Monakhova MA, Zhilin AM. Cytogenetic instability potatoes.. Dokl. VASKHNIL. 1989;12:10—3.
[313] Endo TR. An Aegilops longissima chromosome causing chromosome aberrations in common wheat. Wheat Int. Serv. 1985;60:29.
[314] Watanabe Y. Chromosome-mosaics Observed in a Variety of Wheat, “Shirahada.”Jpn J Genet. 1962;37(3):194–206.
[315] Prasad G, TaJcahashi R, Yasuda S. A study of gametogenesis in a mixoploid barley. Ber Ohara Inst, landwirt. Biol. Okayama Univ. 1983;18(3):175—82.
[316] Rehfeldt GE, Wells SP, Woo Y. Chromosomal imbalances in Douglas-fir iPseudotsuga menziesii). Can J Gene Cytol. 1983; 25(2):113—6.
[317] McClintock B. Mechanisms that rapidly reorganize the genome. Dyn. Genome: Barbara McClintock's Ideas Century Genet. New York: Gold Spring Harbor Lab., 1992:335—57.
[318] Shcherbakov V. Endogenous control mutations as an adaptive feature of the species. Ecological genetics of plants and animals, Proc. Conf. All-Union. conf. (June 8-10, 1981). Chisinau; 1981; Pt 1:87—8.
[319] Grif VG. Action of low temperatures on mitosis and chromosomes of plants. Tsitologiia. 1963;5(4):404—13.
[320] Senko VP. Chromosome aberrations in hard wheat induced by the effect of elevated temperature of gamma-rays and fast-neutrons. Tsitol Genet. 1969; 3(3):280-2.
[321] Mashkina OS. Diploid pollen formation in poplar under the influence of elevated temperature. Izv. AN SSSR. Ser. biol. 1992;1:66—78.
[322] Kabanov BV. The structure and function of the nuclei in the cells of plants under saline sodium chloride substrate. Metabolism of the cell nucleus and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Kiev, 1970;362—3.
[323] Kuliyeva FB, Shamina ZB, Strogonov BP. Effect of high concentrations of sodium chloride on growth of Crepis capillaris in vitro. Fiziologiia rasteniy. 1975;22(1):131-5.
[324] Kudin AYa, Shkvarnikov YaK. mutagenic effect elements of mineral nutrition of plants. Genetics and breeding in Ukraine: Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Geneticists and Breeders of Ukraine. Kiev: Naukova, Dumka, 1971; Pt. 1: 61-2.
[325] Chaurasia L. Induction of mitotic and amitotic anomalies in Alium sativum by urea. Indian J Exp Biol. 1979;17(1):117—9.
[326] Aliyev PG, Gadzhiyeva PI, Dzhavadova LG. Changing the structural state of the DNA in the leaves of wheat due to drought. 3rd Congress of the All-Russia. Islands of Plant Physiologists. (St. Petersburg, June 24-29, 1993) Proc. Conf. - St. Petersburg, 1993 - Vol. 1:5.
[327] Horvath Z. Behavior of drying induced chromosomal aberrations during plant growth. Connect, between Biol. Basic Res. and Environ. Protec: 19th Congr. Hung. Biol. Soc. and Bessenvel Gyotgy Coll., Nyrregyhaza (23—25 Aug., 1990): Abstr. NyiVegyhasa, 1990;42.
[328] Mottinger JP, Johns MA, Freeling M. Mutations of the Adh1 gene in maize following infection with barley stripe mosaic virus. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;195(1-2):367-9.
[329] Zhuk IP, Kunakh VA, Grabchenko NI. Influence of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus on the mitotic activity and chromosomal apparatus of the tomato cell culture. Tsitol Genet. 1985;19(5):331-4.
[330] Kiriakov GY, Nastasya L. A Zavertaylo TF. Influence of dwarf mosaic virus of corn on the phenotypic variability Fj hybrids of corn. Effect of phytopathogens reproductive plant hosts. Chisinau, 1989;32—44.
[331] Gavrila L, Mihaescu G. Nucleolus-organizing chromosomes and ribosomal gene amplification phenomenon in root nodule cells of Trifolium pratense: an electronmicroscopic study. Cytologia. 1992;57(1):15–20.
[332] Olszewska M, Legocki B. Changes in DNA content during Rhizobial nodule development in Lupinus luteus L. I. Cytometry and autoradiography. Biol. Zentralbl. 1989;108:221—30.
[333] Molchan YaM, Andriyash VYa. mutagenic effects of genetically distant pollen from rye and barley. Dokl VASKHNIL. 1975; 1(2):7—8
[334] Cherezhanova LV, Melik-Sarsikov OS, Ovchinnikova VN. Cytogenetic effect of sugars. Genetika. 1991;27(8):1372-8
[335] Cullis CA. The Generation of Somatic and Heritable Variation in Response to Stress. Am Nat. 1987;130(s1):S62-73.
[336] Penner OF, Badayev YaS, Turbin YAV. Varying the amount of DNA in the form of hexaploid triticale depending on climatic conditions. Dokl VASKHNIL. 1988;4:2—3.
[337] Sivolap YuM, Boyko EV. Variability of rDNA in barley varieties with different homeostasis. Tsitol. Genet. 1993;27(5):65-74.
[338] Brakke MK. Mutations, The Abberant Ratio Phenomenon, and Virus Infection of Maize. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1984;22(1):77–94.
[339] Nevers P, Stepned NS, Saedler H. Plant transposable elements. Adv Bot Res. 1986. 12:103—203.
[340] Fedoroff NV. Maize transposable elements in development and evolution. Integr Comp Biol. 1989;29(2):549–55.
[341] Pershina LA, Khvostova VV. Phenogenetics pea mutants with an altered structure of the stem. Cytogenetics of hybrids, mutations and evolution of the karyotype. Novosibirsk: Nauka,1977;167—81.
[342] Kirillova EYA, Bocharnikova YAYA. The ratio of auxin and growth inhibitors in dwarf and strong-mutants of tomato. Izv. AN MoldSSR. Ser. biol. i khim. nauk. 1986;5:73—4.
[343] Melekhov EI, Lavrentiev AA. Accumulation of abscisic acid in dwarfish and normal sorts of pea plants under the influence of hormonal herbicide. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1989;309(6):1491—4.
[344] Lozhnikova V. P., Ivanova Y., Dudko YA. D. et al.Growth, endogenous phytohormones and productivity of tall and dwarf varieties of tomatoes Fiziologiya rasteniy. 1990; 315(3):762—5.
[345] Zku Yu-xian, Shan Xueyan, Qin Ruizhen, Chen Zhang-liang. High endogenous isopentyl adenine content coincided with an extremely snooty rice phenotype. Plant Physiol. 1993;102(1, Suppl.):23.
[346] Romanova LV, Pavlyuk LV. Gibberellic and auxin activity of wheat genotype hybrid dwarfism. Agricultural biology. 1978;13(5):779—81.
[347] Sidorova KK, Tyanutova GV, Popov VS, Uzhintseva LP. Studies on spontaneous and induced mutability in pea mutants. Genetika. 1975; 11(12):15-23.
[348] Saccardo F. DupHcazioni indotte in pisello (Pisum sativum). Genet agr. 1980;34(1—2):186—7.
[349] Geksly J . Cancer as biological problem M: Izd in lit, 1960; 178 p.
[350] Krayevoy SYa, Mikhalova MR. On deformities tomatoes encountered in interspecific hybridization. Probl. onkologii i teratologii rasteniy. L.: Nauka, 1975;279—83.
[351] Shpota VY, Resurrection GS Bochkarev MI Root tumors in interspecific hybrids of Brassica. Probl. onkologii i teratologii rasteniy. L.: Nauka, 1975;292—295.
[352] Sidorova KK. Genetic aspects of growth of pea plants. Genetic control of the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Growth and plant resistance. Novosibirsk, 1988;81—90.
[353] Vilenskiy YeR, Shcherbakov VA. Endogenous gibberellins in barley leaves under irradiation at different stages of organogenesis. Dokl VASKHNIL.—1978;(1):20— 1.
[354] Vilenskiy ER, Shcherbakov VA. The role of phytohormones in natural and induced mutagenesis. Tsitol Genet. 1985;19(3):214-7.
[355] Pandey KN, Sabharwal PS, KEMP TR. Cell division factors (cytokinins) from irradiated plant tissue. Nature. 1978;271(5644):449–50.
[356] Brian PW. Review Lecture: Hormones in Healthy and Diseased Plants. Proc Biol Sci. 1978;200(1140):231–43.
[357] Morris R. Genes Specifying Auxin and Cytokinin Biosynthesis in Phytopathogens. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1986;37(1):509–38.
[358] Nandi SK, Letham DS, Palni LMS, Wong OC, Summons RE. 6-benzylaminopurine and its glycosides as naturally occurring cytokinins. Plant Sci. 1989;61(2):189–96.
[359] Andrianov VA. Molecular genetic basis of tumor induction in plants Agrobacterium. Itogi nauki i tekhnika.(Ser. General genetics; vol. 11). M.: VINITI, 1989;82—208.
[360] Slepian EI. Problem of pathological formations in plants, its aspects and their importance for science, economy and medicine. Problems of Oncology and Teratology plants. - L .: Nauka, 1975;5—16.
[361] Palni LMS, Tay SAB, Nandi SK, Pianca DJ, Klerk GJM, Wong OC, et al. Cytokinin biosynthesis in plant tumour tissues. Biol Plant. 1985;27(2-3):195–203.
[362] Nandi SK, Klerk GJM, Parker CW, Palni Nandi LMS. Endogenous cytokinin levels and metabolism of zeatin riboside in genetic tumour tissues and non-tumourous tissues of tobacco. Physiol Plant. 1990;78(2):197–204.
[363] Kung SD. Role of cytokinin in Nicotiana genetic tumors - A working hypothesis. Physiol Plant. 1991;82(3):474–6.
[364] Buzovkina IS, Kneschke I, Lutova LA. The model of tumorgenesis in vitro in inbread lines and hybrids of radish. Genetika. 1993;29(6):1002-8.
[365] Rekoslavskaya NI, Gamburg KZ, Klyba VI, Markova TA. Dynamics of tryptophan and indole acetic acid content in cultivated tobacco cells. Fiziologiia i biokhimiia kul'tur rasteniy. 1986; 18(2):162-6.
[366] Shcherbakov VK. Forms epigenetic variation and heritable changes caused by the growth conditions of plants. Works of applied botany, genetics and breeding. 1976; 58(1):110—23.
[367] Cebrat S. Kierunkowosc rekombinacyjnych zmian wewnatrzgenomowych. Kosmos. 1987;36(3):593—605.
[368] Kuiper D, Kuiper PJC, Lambers H, Schuit J, Staal M. Cytokinin concentration in relation to mineral nutrition and benzyladenine treatment in Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma. Physiol Plant. 1989;75(4):511–7.
[369] Kuznetsova LG, Novichkova J. C. Sheveleva EV, Rakitin TY Nitrogen stress, growth and cytokinin content in leaves of clover. Second All-Union Congress. soc of Plant Physiologists: Proc. Conf. (Minsk, 24-29 September, 1990). - Minsk 1990;49.
[370] Kudoyarova GR, Dokicheva RA, Veselov SYu. et al. BAP-induced growth reactions of wheat plants and endogenous hormone levels due to the level of mineral nutrition. Fiziologiia rasteniy. 1993;40(6):893-7.
[371] Ofir M, Gross Y, Bangerth F, Kigel J. Heat stress effects on yield and hormone levels in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Physiol plant. 1990;79(2, Pt. 2):118.
[372] Davoyan NYa, Tyrnov VS, Sukhanov VI. Duration of the mitotic cycle in haploid, diploid and tetraploid maize. III All-Union. soveshch. by poliplodii: Proc. Conf. - Minsk, 1970;79.
[373] Yepifanova EI. Hormones and cell proliferation. M .: Nauka, 1965;242 p.
[374] Inzé D, Ferreira P, Hemerly A, Van Montagu M. Control of cell division in plants. Biochem Soc Trans. 1992;20(1):80-4.
[375] Kunakh VA, Chugunkova GV, Buydin VV. Effect of exogenous phytohormones on the dynamics of ploidy barley seedlings treated poliploidogenami. Third All-Union Congress. Islands geneticists and breeders they Vavilov (Leningrad, May 16-20, 1977): Proc. Conf. L.: Nauka, 1977; 249.
[376] Kunakh VA Cytogenetics of tissue culture gash Papus. Culture of isolated organs, tissues and cells of plants. - M .: Nauka, 1970, 155-8.
[377] Melik-Sarkisov OS, Cherezhanova LV, Ovchinnikova VYA. Exogenous plant hormones as a factor cytogenetic variability of potato cells in culture in vitro. The Agricultural biology. Agricultural biology. 1994;1:69—73.
[378] Vilenskiy KR. Modifying effects of phytohormones during irradiation vegetiruyu- ing plants. 2nd All-Union. conf. on agricultural Radiology (Obninsk, July 16-20, 1984) Proc. Conf. - Obninsk, 1984, vol 2:6-7.
[379] Bennici A, Buiatti M, UAmato F, Pagliai M. Nuclear behavior in Haplopappus gracilis callus grown in vitro on different culture media. Colloq. int. CNRS. 1970; 193:245—50.
[380] Kunakh VA, Zosimovich VP. Effect of kinetin on the frequency and types of chromosome aberrations in a tissue culture of Haplopappus gracilis. Genetika. 1977; 13(8):1355-65.
[381] Kunakh VA, Sidorenko YAL, Zosimovich VYa. Effect of kinetin on the reproduction of cells of different ploidy. Success of polyploidy. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, L., 1977;203-15.
[382] Kunakh VA, Alpatova LK. Role of phytohormones in the variability of the number of chromosomes in tissue culture Haplopappus gracilis. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1979;245(4):967—70.
[383] Boucaud M-T, Gaultier J-M. Cytophotometric study and statistical analysis of ploidy evolution in cultured tissues of Nicotiana tabacum. Physiol Plant. 1981;51(2):207–14.
[384] Paulini K, Mohr W. Hormone-dependent Polyploidy in the glandula orbitalis externa and glandula infraorbitalis of animals of different age. Beitr Pathol. 1975;156(1):65-74.
[385] McClintock B. The significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Science. 1984;226(4676):792-801.
[386] Wills C. The Possibility of Stress-Triggered Evolution. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics. 1984;299–312.
[387] Parsons PA. Evolution rates under environmental stress. Evol. Biol. New York; London, 1987;21:311—47.
[388] Matters GL, Scandalios JG. Changes in plant gene expression during stress. Dev Genet. 1986;7(4):167-75.