Biopolym. Cell. 2006; 22(6):403-424.
Reviews
Molecular biomarkers: new approaches in ovarian cancer diagnosis
1Gordiyuk V. V., 2Simonchuk E. V., 3Kohanevitch E. V., 4Vakulenko G. A., 1, 5Ugryn D. D., 6Manzhura E. P.
  1. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
    150, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680
  2. P. L. Shupik National medical academy of post-graduate education
    9, Dorohozhytska Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 04112
  3. "ISIDA" clinic
    65, Ivana Lepse Boulevard, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03126
  4. Bogomolets National Medical University
    Blvd. Shevchenko, 13, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01601
  5. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
    64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 01033
  6. Kiev oncological hospital
    67, Verhovynna Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03115

Abstract

The formation of tumors is associated with accumulation of different genetic and epigenetic changes. The current paper summarizes the recent data on molecular markers of human ovarian cancer as well as provides the analysis of the contribution of epigenetic markers for early cancer detection. We examined the significance of changes in signaling pathways in ovarian cancer to identify possible oncomarkers. Monitoring of gene and protein multiple changes has a powerful potential for selection of sets of multiple molecular markers for correct diagnostic and prognostic clinical outcome of ovarian cancer.
Keywords: ovarian tumor, early diagnostic of cancer, epigenetic markers, tumor suppressor, NotI-microchips

References

[1] Battalova GIu, Novikova EG. [Current views on borderline ovarian tumors]. Vopr Onkol. 2005;51(2):173-81. .
[2] Kokhanevich EV, Vakulenko GA, Klevetenko MP, Simonchik EV, SUdoma IA, Sumenko VV. Malignant ovarian tumors: diagnostic problems. ZdoВ­rov'ye zhenshchiny. 2004; 2,(18): 202-15.
[3] Trofimova IN, Nikitin AIu. [Ovarian cancer: morphogenesis, pathogenesis, experimental induction]. Vopr Onkol. 2004;50(4):387-98.
[4] Shchetinina VV, Zykina BI Beam diagnostics of tumors and tumor-like formations of ovaries. M.: Realnoe Vremya, 2005. 112 p.
[5] Laktionov KK, Davydov MI, Polotskiy BE. Prognostic and predictive factors in patients with small cell lung cancer. Pratk Onkol. 2006; 7(3): 145-153.
[6] Crombach G, Zippel HH, W?rz H. [Experiences with CA 125, a tumor marker for malignant epithelial ovarian tumors]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1985;45(4):205-12.
[7] Panidis D, Vlassis G, Matalliotakis J, Skiadopoulos S, Kalogeropoulos A. Serum levels of the oncofetal antigens CA-125, CA 19-9 and CA 15-3 in patients with endometriosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11(11):801-4.
[8] Grinevich YuA, Yugrinova LG, Svintsitskiy VS. The role of CA 125 in the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer. Zhurn. suchas. likarya. Mystetstvo likuvannya. 2005. 17(5): 83-86.
[9] Negm RS, Verma M, Srivastava S. The promise of biomarkers in cancer screening and detection. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8(6):288-93.
[10] Zochbauer-Muller S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:681-708.
[11] Jazaeri AA, Lu K, Schmandt R, Harris CP, Rao PH, Sotiriou C, Chandramouli GV, Gershenson DM, Liu ET. Molecular determinants of tumor differentiation in papillary serous ovarian carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2003;36(2):53-9.
[12] van 't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, Peterse HL, van der Kooy K, Marton MJ, Witteveen AT, Schreiber GJ, Kerkhoven RM, Roberts C, Linsley PS, Bernards R, Friend SH. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature. 2002;415(6871):530-6.
[13] Hedenfalk I, Duggan D, Chen Y, Radmacher M, Bittner M, Simon R, Meltzer P, Gusterson B, Esteller M, Kallioniemi OP, Wilfond B, Borg A, Trent J, Raffeld M, Yakhini Z, Ben-Dor A, Dougherty E, Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Fehrle W, Pittaluga S, Gruvberger S, Loman N, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Sauter G. Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(8):539-48.
[14] Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, Coller H, Loh ML, Downing JR, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Lander ES. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science. 1999;286(5439):531-7.
[15] Frolov AE, Godwin AK, Favorova OO. [Differential gene expression analysis by DNA microarrays technology and its application in molecular oncology]. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2003;37(4):573-84.
[16] Ivakhno SS, Korneliuk OI. [Microarrays: technologies overview and data analysis]. Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2004;76(2):5-19.
[17] Li J, Protopopov A, Wang F, Senchenko V, Petushkov V, Vorontsova O, Petrenko L, Zabarovska V, Muravenko O, Braga E, Kisselev L, Lerman MI, Kashuba V, Klein G, Ernberg I, Wahlestedt C, Zabarovsky ER. NotI subtraction and NotI-specific microarrays to detect copy number and methylation changes in whole genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(16):10724-9.
[18] Gorelik E, Landsittel DP, Marrangoni AM, Modugno F, Velikokhatnaya L, Winans MT, Bigbee WL, Herberman RB, Lokshin AE. Multiplexed immunobead-based cytokine profiling for early detection of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(4):981-7.
[19] Woo MM, Gilks CB, Verhage HG, Longacre TA, Leung PC, Auersperg N. Oviductal glycoprotein, a new differentiation-based indicator present in early ovarian epithelial neoplasia and cortical inclusion cysts. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93(2):315-9.
[20] Shibata K, Kajiyama H, Mizokami Y, Ino K, Nomura S, Mizutani S, Terauchi M, Kikkawa F. Placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;98(1):11-8.
[21] Darai E, Walker-Combrouze F, Dauge-Geoffroy MC, Vincent Y, Feldmann G, Madelenat P, Scoazec JY. Ki 67 expression in 35 borderline ovarian tumours: relations with clinicopathologic parameters and ploidy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;76(2):175-80.
[22] Kuhn W, Marx D, Meidel A, Fattahi-Meibodi A, Korabiowska M, Ruschenburg I, Droese M, Schauer A, Meden H. Borderline tumors of the ovary: a clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical study of 54 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1998;24(6):437-45.
[23] Warrenfeltz S, Pavlik S, Datta S, Kraemer ET, Benigno B, McDonald JF. Gene expression profiling of epithelial ovarian tumours correlated with malignant potential. Mol Cancer. 2004;3:27.
[24] Tsuchiya A, Sakamoto M, Yasuda J, Chuma M, Ohta T, Ohki M, Yasugi T, Taketani Y, Hirohashi S. Expression profiling in ovarian clear cell carcinoma: identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta as a molecular marker and a possible molecular target for therapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(6):2503-12.
[25] Kato N, Sasou S, Motoyama T. Expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1beta) in clear cell tumors and endometriosis of the ovary. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(1):83-9.
[26] Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA, Gardiner-Garden M, Henshall SM, Scurry JP, Scolyer RA, Smith AN, Bali A, Vanden Bergh P, Baron-Hay S, Scott C, Fink D, Hacker NF, Sutherland RL, O'Brien PM. A distinct molecular profile associated with mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(6):904-13.
[27] Hibbs K, Skubitz KM, Pambuccian SE, Casey RC, Burleson KM, Oegema TR Jr, Thiele JJ, Grindle SM, Bliss RL, Skubitz AP. Differential gene expression in ovarian carcinoma: identification of potential biomarkers. Am J Pathol. 2004;165(2):397-414.
[28] Marques FR, Fonsechi-Carvasan GA, De Angelo Andrade LA, B?ttcher-Luiz F. Immunohistochemical patterns for alpha- and beta-catenin, E- and N-cadherin expression in ovarian epithelial tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;94(1):16-24.
[29] Makarla PB, Saboorian MH, Ashfaq R, Toyooka KO, Toyooka S, Minna JD, Gazdar AF, Schorge JO. Promoter hypermethylation profile of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5365-9.
[30] Tan Y, Sinniah R, Bay BH, Singh G. Metallothionein expression and nuclear size in benign, borderline, and malignant serous ovarian tumours. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):60-5.
[31] Rangel LB, Agarwal R, D'Souza T, Pizer ES, Al? PL, Lancaster WD, Gregoire L, Schwartz DR, Cho KR, Morin PJ. Tight junction proteins claudin-3 and claudin-4 are frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer but not in ovarian cystadenomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(7):2567-75.
[32] Wang C, Horiuchi A, Imai T, Ohira S, Itoh K, Nikaido T, Katsuyama Y, Konishi I. Expression of BRCA1 protein in benign, borderline, and malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasms and its relationship to methylation and allelic loss of the BRCA1 gene. J Pathol. 2004;202(2):215-23.
[33] Murthi P, Barker G, Nowell CJ, Rice GE, Baker MS, Kalionis B, Quinn MA. Plasminogen fragmentation and increased production of extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases are associated with serous epithelial ovarian cancer progression. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(1):80-8.
[34] Sood AK, Fletcher MS, Coffin JE, Yang M, Seftor EA, Gruman LM, Gershenson DM, Hendrix MJ. Functional role of matrix metalloproteinases in ovarian tumor cell plasticity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(4):899-909.
[35] Torng PL, Mao TL, Chan WY, Huang SC, Lin CT. Prognostic significance of stromal metalloproteinase-2 in ovarian adenocarcinoma and its relation to carcinoma progression. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(2):559-67.
[36] Cantuaria G, Magalhaes A, Penalver M, Angioli R, Braunschweiger P, Gomez-Marin O, Kanhoush R, Gomez-Fernandez C, Nadji M. Expression of GLUT-1 glucose transporter in borderline and malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;79(1):33-7.
[37] Rudlowski C, Moser M, Becker AJ, Rath W, Buttner R, Schroder W, Schurmann A. GLUT1 mRNA and protein expression in ovarian borderline tumors and cancer. Oncology. 2004;66(5):404-10.
[38] Bali A, O'Brien PM, Edwards LS, Sutherland RL, Hacker NF, Henshall SM. Cyclin D1, p53, and p21Waf1/Cip1 expression is predictive of poor clinical outcome in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(15):5168-77.
[39] Palazzo JP, Monzon F, Burke M, Hyslop T, Dunton C, Barusevicius A, Capuzzi D, Kovatich AJ. Overexpression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and MDM2 characterizes serous borderline ovarian tumors. Hum Pathol. 2000;31(6):698-704.
[40] Lee JS, Choi YD, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Min KW. Expression of PTEN in ovarian epithelial tumors and its relation to tumor behavior and growth. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2005;27(4):202-10.
[41] Kristiansen G, Denkert C, Schl?ns K, Dahl E, Pilarsky C, Hauptmann S. CD24 is expressed in ovarian cancer and is a new independent prognostic marker of patient survival. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(4):1215-21.
[42] Santin AD, Zhan F, Bellone S, Palmieri M, Cane S, Bignotti E, Anfossi S, Gokden M, Dunn D, Roman JJ, O'Brien TJ, Tian E, Cannon MJ, Shaughnessy J Jr, Pecorelli S. Gene expression profiles in primary ovarian serous papillary tumors and normal ovarian epithelium: identification of candidate molecular markers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy. Int J Cancer. 2004;112(1):14-25.
[43] Nielsen JS, Jakobsen E, H?lund B, Bertelsen K, Jakobsen A. Prognostic significance of p53, Her-2, and EGFR overexpression in borderline and epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14(6):1086-96.
[44] Takai N, Jain A, Kawamata N, Popoviciu LM, Said JW, Whittaker S, Miyakawa I, Agus DB, Koeffler HP. 2C4, a monoclonal antibody against HER2, disrupts the HER kinase signaling pathway and inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell growth. Cancer. 2005;104(12):2701-8.
[45] Pinto D, Pereira D, Portela C, da Silva JL, Lopes C, Medeiros R. The influence of HER2 genotypes as molecular markers in ovarian cancer outcome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;335(4):1173-8.
[46] Tanner B, Hengstler JG, Laubscher S, Meinert R, Oesch F, Weikel W, Knapstein PG, Becker R. mdm 2 mRNA expression is associated with survival in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;74(4):438-42.
[47] Winchester C, Robertson S, MacLeod T, Johnson K, Thomas M. Expression of a homeobox gene (SIX5) in borderline ovarian tumours. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53(3):212-7.
[48] Tuhkanen H, Anttila M, Kosma VM, Yl?-Herttuala S, Heinonen S, Kuronen A, Juhola M, Tammi R, Tammi M, Mannermaa A. Genetic alterations in the peritumoral stromal cells of malignant and borderline epithelial ovarian tumors as indicated by allelic imbalance on chromosome 3p. Int J Cancer. 2004;109(2):247-52.
[49] Huddleston HG, Wong KK, Welch WR, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. Clinical applications of microarray technology: creatine kinase B is an up-regulated gene in epithelial ovarian cancer and shows promise as a serum marker. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96(1):77-83.
[50] Urban N, McIntosh MW, Andersen M, Karlan BY. Ovarian cancer screening. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2003;17(4):989-1005.
[51] Drapkin R, Crum CP, Hecht JL. Expression of candidate tumor markers in ovarian carcinoma and benign ovary: evidence for a link between epithelial phenotype and neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(8):1014-21.
[52] Breidenbach M, Rein DT, Everts M, Glasgow JN, Wang M, Passineau MJ, Alvarez RD, Korokhov N, Curiel DT. Mesothelin-mediated targeting of adenoviral vectors for ovarian cancer gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2005;12(2):187-93.
[53] Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA, Gardiner-Garden M, Henshall SM, Scurry J, Scolyer RA, Davies MJ, Heinzelmann M, Kalish LH, Bali A, Kench JG, Edwards LS, Vanden Bergh PM, Hacker NF, Sutherland RL, O'Brien PM. Overexpression of the cell adhesion molecules DDR1, Claudin 3, and Ep-CAM in metaplastic ovarian epithelium and ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(13):4427-36.
[54] Tanimoto H, Shigemasa K, Tian X, Gu L, Beard JB, Sawasaki T, O'Brien TJ. Transmembrane serine protease TADG-15 (ST14/Matriptase/MT-SP1): expression and prognostic value in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(2):278-83.
[55] Dupont J, Tanwar MK, Thaler HT, Fleisher M, Kauff N, Hensley ML, Sabbatini P, Anderson S, Aghajanian C, Holland EC, Spriggs DR. Early detection and prognosis of ovarian cancer using serum YKL-40. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(16):3330-9.
[56] Raspollini MR, Amunni G, Villanucci A, Baroni G, Taddei A, Taddei GL. Utility of CDX-2 in distinguishing between primary and secondary (intestinal) mucinous ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical comparison of 43 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2004;12(2):127-31.
[57] Singer G, Rebmann V, Chen YC, Liu HT, Ali SZ, Reinsberg J, McMaster MT, Pfeiffer K, Chan DW, Wardelmann E, Grosse-Wilde H, Cheng CC, Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. HLA-G is a potential tumor marker in malignant ascites. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(12):4460-4.
[58] Davidson B, Elstrand MB, McMaster MT, Berner A, Kurman RJ, Risberg B, Trope CG, Shih IeM. HLA-G expression in effusions is a possible marker of tumor susceptibility to chemotherapy in ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96(1):42-7. ttp://
[59] Peters DG, Kudla DM, Deloia JA, Chu TJ, Fairfull L, Edwards RP, Ferrell RE. Comparative gene expression analysis of ovarian carcinoma and normal ovarian epithelium by serial analysis of gene expression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(7):1717-23.
[60] Masciullo V, Baldassarre G, Pentimalli F, Berlingieri MT, Boccia A, Chiappetta G, Palazzo J, Manfioletti G, Giancotti V, Viglietto G, Scambia G, Fusco A. HMGA1 protein over-expression is a frequent feature of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Carcinogenesis. 2003;24(7):1191-8.
[61] Muramatsu T, Mukai M, Sato S, Tajima T, Nagase E, Ikeda M, Goya K, Shida M, Hirasawa T, Murakami M, Shinozuka T. Clinical usefulness of serum and immunohistochemical markers in patients with stage Ia and Ic ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep. 2005;14(4):861-5.
[62] Phillips TM, Lindsey JS. Carcinoma cell-specific Mig-7: a new potential marker for circulating and migrating cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2005;13(1):37-44.
[63] Voutilainen K, Anttila M, Sillanp?? S, Tammi R, Tammi M, Saarikoski S, Kosma VM. Versican in epithelial ovarian cancer: relation to hyaluronan, clinicopathologic factors and prognosis. Int J Cancer. 2003;107(3):359-64.
[64] Fung ET, Gavin E. Analysis of mass spectrometry profiles of the serum proteome. Clin Chem. 2005;51(7):1309.
[65] Widschwendter M, Jiang G, Woods C, M?ller HM, Fiegl H, Goebel G, Marth C, M?ller-Holzner E, Zeimet AG, Laird PW, Ehrlich M. DNA hypomethylation and ovarian cancer biology. Cancer Res. 2004;64(13):4472-80.
[66] Dellas A, Puhl A, Schraml P, Thomke SE, R?schoff J, Mihatsch MJ, Moch H. Molecular and clinicopathological analysis of ovarian carcinomas with and without microsatellite instability. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(1):361-9.
[67] Jacobs IJ, Menon U. Progress and challenges in screening for early detection of ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004;3(4):355-66.
[68] Ye B, Skates S, Mok SC, Horick NK, Rosenberg HF, Vitonis A, Edwards D, Sluss P, Han WK, Berkowitz RS, Cramer DW. Proteomic-based discovery and characterization of glycosylated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and COOH-terminal osteopontin fragments for ovarian cancer in urine. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):432-41.
[69] Rosan? L, Spinella F, Di Castro V, Nicotra MR, Dedhar S, de Herreros AG, Natali PG, Bagnato A. Endothelin-1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005;65(24):11649-57.
[70] Chatterjee M, Mohapatra S, Ionan A, Bawa G, Ali-Fehmi R, Wang X, Nowak J, Ye B, Nahhas FA, Lu K, Witkin SS, Fishman D, Munkarah A, Morris R, Levin NK, Shirley NN, Tromp G, Abrams J, Draghici S, Tainsky MA. Diagnostic markers of ovarian cancer by high-throughput antigen cloning and detection on arrays. Cancer Res. 2006;66(2):1181-90.
[71] Simon I, Zhuo S, Corral L, Diamandis EP, Sarno MJ, Wolfert RL, Kim NW. B7-h4 is a novel membrane-bound protein and a candidate serum and tissue biomarker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66(3):1570-5.
[72] Rapkiewicz AV, Espina V, Petricoin EF 3rd, Liotta LA. Biomarkers of ovarian tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40(17):2604-12. ttp://
[73] Abdollahi A, Pisarcik D, Roberts D, Weinstein J, Cairns P, Hamilton TC. LOT1 (PLAGL1/ZAC1), the candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 6q24-25, is epigenetically regulated in cancer. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(8):6041-9.
[74] Kamikihara T, Arima T, Kato K, Matsuda T, Kato H, Douchi T, Nagata Y, Nakao M, Wake N. Epigenetic silencing of the imprinted gene ZAC by DNA methylation is an early event in the progression of human ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5):690-700.
[75] Lu KH, Patterson AP, Wang L, Marquez RT, Atkinson EN, Baggerly KA, Ramoth LR, Rosen DG, Liu J, Hellstrom I, Smith D, Hartmann L, Fishman D, Berchuck A, Schmandt R, Whitaker R, Gershenson DM, Mills GB, Bast RC Jr. Selection of potential markers for epithelial ovarian cancer with gene expression arrays and recursive descent partition analysis. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(10):3291-300.
[76] Mok SC, Chao J, Skates S, Wong K, Yiu GK, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Cramer DW. Prostasin, a potential serum marker for ovarian cancer: identification through microarray technology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(19):1458-64.
[77] Matsuzaki H, Kobayashi H, Yagyu T, Wakahara K, Kondo T, Kurita N, Sekino H, Inagaki K, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Plasma bikunin as a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(7):1463-72.
[78] Chen YC, Pohl G, Wang TL, Morin PJ, Risberg B, Kristensen GB, Yu A, Davidson B, Shih IeM. Apolipoprotein E is required for cell proliferation and survival in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2005;65(1):331-7.
[79] Abd-Elaziz M, Akahira J, Moriya T, Suzuki T, Yaegashi N, Sasano H. Nuclear receptor DAX-1 in human common epithelial ovarian carcinoma: an independent prognostic factor of clinical outcome. Cancer Sci. 2003;94(11):980-5.
[80] Munakata S, Enomoto T, Tsujimoto M, Otsuki Y, Miwa H, Kanno H, Aozasa K. Expressions of Fas ligand and other apoptosis-related genes and their prognostic significance in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(8):1446-52.
[81] Reid T, Jin X, Song H, Tang HJ, Reynolds RK, Lin J. Modulation of Janus kinase 2 by p53 in ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;321(2):441-7.
[82] Wiener JR, Windham TC, Estrella VC, Parikh NU, Thall PF, Deavers MT, Bast RC, Mills GB, Gallick GE. Activated SRC protein tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in late-stage human ovarian cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;88(1):73-9.
[83] Miszczak-Zaborska E, W?jcik-Krowiranda K, Kubiak R, Bie?kiewicz A, Bartkowiak J. The activity of thymidine phosphorylase as a new ovarian tumor marker. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;94(1):86-92.
[84] Yu Y, Fujii S, Yuan J, Luo RZ, Wang L, Bao J, Kadota M, Oshimura M, Dent SR, Issa JP, Bast RC Jr. Epigenetic regulation of ARHI in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;983:268-77.
[85] Strathdee G, Davies BR, Vass JK, Siddiqui N, Brown R. Cell type-specific methylation of an intronic CpG island controls expression of the MCJ gene. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(5):693-701.
[86] Ye F, Chen HZ, Xie X, Ye DF, Lu WG, Ding ZM. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ovarian carcinoma cell supernatant activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) via VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) in human hemopoietic progenitor cells. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;94(1):125-33.
[87] Muratovska A, Zhou C, He S, Goodyer P, Eccles MR. Paired-Box genes are frequently expressed in cancer and often required for cancer cell survival. Oncogene. 2003;22(39):7989-97.
[88] Lee JM. The role of protein elongation factor eEF1A2 in ovarian cancer. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003;1:69.
[89] Hough CD, Cho KR, Zonderman AB, Schwartz DR, Morin PJ. Coordinately up-regulated genes in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2001;61(10):3869-76.
[90] Ali-Fehmi R, Che M, Khalifeh I, Malone JM, Morris R, Lawrence WD, Munkarah AR. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 expression on tumor vascularity in advanced stage ovarian serous carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98(7):1423-9.
[91] Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO, Lauriola L, Fanfani F, Legge F, Mottolese M, Nicotra MR, Natali PG, Zakut VH, Scambia G. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Her-2/neu expression in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2002;85(2):305-10.
[92] Tammela J, Odunsi K. Gene expression and prognostic significance in ovarian cancer. Minerva Ginecol. 2004;56(6):495-502.
[93] Lee P, Rosen DG, Zhu C, Silva EG, Liu J. Expression of progesterone receptor is a favorable prognostic marker in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96(3):671-7.
[94] Ghabreau L, Roux JP, Niveleau A, Fontani?re B, Mahe C, Mokni M, Frappart L. Correlation between the DNA global methylation status and progesterone receptor expression in normal endometrium, endometrioid adenocarcinoma and precursors. Virchows Arch. 2004;445(2):129-34.
[95] Ye B, Cramer DW, Skates SJ, Gygi SP, Pratomo V, Fu L, Horick NK, Licklider LJ, Schorge JO, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. Haptoglobin-alpha subunit as potential serum biomarker in ovarian cancer: identification and characterization using proteomic profiling and mass spectrometry. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(8):2904-11.
[96] Robertson DM, Pruysers E, Burger HG, Jobling T, McNeilage J, Healy D. Inhibins and ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;225(1-2):65-71.
[97] Robertson DM, Stephenson T, Pruysers E, Burger HG, McCloud P, Tsigos A, Groome N, Mamers P, McNeilage J, Jobling T, Healy D. Inhibins/activins as diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;191(1):97-103.
[98] Okamoto S, Ito K, Sasano H, Moriya T, Niikura H, Terada Y, Sato S, Okamura K, Yaegashi N. Ber-EP4 and anti-calretinin antibodies: a useful combination for differential diagnosis of various histological types of ovarian cancer cells and mesothelial cells. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2005;206(1):31-40.
[99] Cathro HP, Stoler MH. The utility of calretinin, inhibin, and WT1 immunohistochemical staining in the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Hum Pathol. 2005;36(2):195-201.
[100] Su XY, Li GD, Liu HB, Jiang LL. [Significance of combining detection of E-cadherin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and calretinin in cytological differential diagnosis of serous effusion]. Ai Zheng. 2004;23(10):1185-9.
[101] Altarac S. Cancer-associated serum globulin determined in patients with cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer. Acta Med Croatica. 1993;47(1):19-22.
[102] Fassl S, Leisser C, Huettenbrenner S, Maier S, Rosenberger G, Strasser S, Grusch M, Fuhrmann G, Leuhuber K, Polgar D, Stani J, Tichy B, Nowotny C, Krupitza G. Transferrin ensures survival of ovarian carcinoma cells when apoptosis is induced by TNFalpha, FasL, TRAIL, or Myc. Oncogene. 2003;22(51):8343-55.
[103] Belletti B, Nicoloso MS, Schiappacassi M, Chimienti E, Berton S, Lovat F, Colombatti A, Baldassarre G. p27(kip1) functional regulation in human cancer: a potential target for therapeutic designs. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(14):1589-605.
[104] Gilks CB, Vanderhyden BC, Zhu S, van de Rijn M, Longacre TA. Distinction between serous tumors of low malignant potential and serous carcinomas based on global mRNA expression profiling. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96(3):684-94.
[105] Xie D, Lau SH, Sham JS, Wu QL, Fang Y, Liang LZ, Che LH, Zeng YX, Guan XY. Up-regulated expression of cytoplasmic clusterin in human ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103(2):277-83.
[106] Galani E, Skarlos D, Sgouros J, Litos M, Gonos E, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A. Correlation of MDR 1 expression and CA 125 in ovarian cancer. In Vivo. 2005;19(4):797-800.
[107] Wang ZM, Lu YK, Han Y, Jiang JY, Yuan XD. [Dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene expression in ovarian carcinoma cell lines with various maligant behaviour]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2005;27(2):205-10.
[108] Rauvala M, Puistola U, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Gelatinases and their tissue inhibitors in ovarian tumors; TIMP-1 is a predictive as well as a prognostic factor. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99(3):656-63.
[109] Ayhan A, Ertunc D, Tok EC, Ayhan A. Expression of the c-Met in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and its prognostic significance. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005;15(4):618-23.
[110] Demeter A, Sziller I, Csapo Z, Olah J, Keszler G, Jeney A, Papp Z, Staub M. Molecular prognostic markers in recurrent and in non-recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(4):2885-9.
[111] Imai T, Horiuchi A, Shiozawa T, Osada R, Kikuchi N, Ohira S, Oka K, Konishi I. Elevated expression of E-cadherin and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins in metastatic lesions compared with primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(12):1469-76.
[112] Chen YC, Davidson B, Cheng CC, Maitra A, Giuntoli RL 2nd, Hruban RH, Wang TL, Shih IeM. Identification and characterization of membralin, a novel tumor-associated gene, in ovarian carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1730(2):96-102. ttp://
[113] Horak P, Pils D, Haller G, Pribill I, Roessler M, Tomek S, Horvat R, Zeillinger R, Zielinski C, Krainer M. Contribution of epigenetic silencing of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 1 (DR4) to TRAIL resistance and ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2005;3(6):335-43.
[114] Lane D, Cartier A, L'Esp?rance S, C?t? M, Rancourt C, Pich? A. Differential induction of apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93(3):594-604.
[115] Horak P, Pils D, Kaider A, Pinter A, Elandt K, Sax C, Zielinski CC, Horvat R, Zeillinger R, Reinthaller A, Krainer M. Perturbation of the tumor necrosis factor--related apoptosis-inducing ligand cascade in ovarian cancer: overexpression of FLIPL and deregulation of the functional receptors DR4 and DR5. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(24 Pt 1):8585-91.
[116] Gritsko TM, Coppola D, Paciga JE, Yang L, Sun M, Shelley SA, Fiorica JV, Nicosia SV, Cheng JQ. Activation and overexpression of centrosome kinase BTAK/Aurora-A in human ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(4):1420-6.
[117] Concin N, Becker K, Slade N, Erster S, Mueller-Holzner E, Ulmer H, Daxenbichler G, Zeimet A, Zeillinger R, Marth C, Moll UM. Transdominant DeltaTAp73 isoforms are frequently up-regulated in ovarian cancer. Evidence for their role as epigenetic p53 inhibitors in vivo. Cancer Res. 2004;64(7):2449-60.
[118] Hattori M, Sakamoto H, Yamamoto T. DNA demethylase expression correlates with lung resistance protein expression in common epithelial ovarian cancers. J Int Med Res. 2001;29(3):204-13.
[119] Hattori M, Sakamoto H, Satoh K, Yamamoto T. DNA demethylase is expressed in ovarian cancers and the expression correlates with demethylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of c-erbB-2 and survivin genes. Cancer Lett. 2001;169(2):155-64.
[120] Ferrandina G, Legge F, Martinelli E, Ranelletti FO, Zannoni GF, Lauriola L, Gessi M, Gallotta V, Scambia G. Survivin expression in ovarian cancer and its correlation with clinico-pathological, surgical and apoptosis-related parameters. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(2):271-7.
[121] Ibanez de Caceres I, Battagli C, Esteller M, Herman JG, Dulaimi E, Edelson MI, Bergman C, Ehya H, Eisenberg BL, Cairns P. Tumor cell-specific BRCA1 and RASSF1A hypermethylation in serum, plasma, and peritoneal fluid from ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2004;64(18):6476-81.
[122] Wolf D, Wolf AM, Rumpold H, Fiegl H, Zeimet AG, Muller-Holzner E, Deibl M, Gastl G, Gunsilius E, Marth C. The expression of the regulatory T cell-specific forkhead box transcription factor FoxP3 is associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(23):8326-31. ttp://
[123] Fontenot JD, Rasmussen JP, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(11):1142-51.
[124] Nilsson MB, Langley RR, Fidler IJ. Interleukin-6, secreted by human ovarian carcinoma cells, is a potent proangiogenic cytokine. Cancer Res. 2005;65(23):10794-800.
[125] Liu Z, Wang LE, Wang L, Lu KH, Mills GB, Bondy ML, Wei Q. Methylation and messenger RNA expression of p15INK4b but not p16INK4a are independent risk factors for ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(13):4968-76.
[126] Chien J, Staub J, Avula R, Zhang H, Liu W, Hartmann LC, Kaufmann SH, Smith DI, Shridhar V. Epigenetic silencing of TCEAL7 (Bex4) in ovarian cancer. Oncogene. 2005;24(32):5089-100.
[127] Mhawech P, Benz A, Cerato C, Greloz V, Assaly M, Desmond JC, Koeffler HP, Lodygin D, Hermeking H, Herrmann F, Schwaller J. Downregulation of 14-3-3sigma in ovary, prostate and endometrial carcinomas is associated with CpG island methylation. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(3):340-8.
[128] Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y, Shiina H, Verma M, Ebina Y, Nomura E, Yamamoto R, Sakuragi N, Dahiya R. Expression and methylation status of 14-3-3 sigma gene can characterize the different histological features of ovarian cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;316(4):1156-62.
[129] Modena P, Testi MA, Facchinetti F, Mezzanzanica D, Radice MT, Pilotti S, Sozzi G. UQCRH gene encoding mitochondrial Hinge protein is interrupted by a translocation in a soft-tissue sarcoma and epigenetically inactivated in some cancer cell lines. Oncogene. 2003;22(29):4586-93.
[130] Teodoridis JM, Hall J, Marsh S, Kannall HD, Smyth C, Curto J, Siddiqui N, Gabra H, McLeod HL, Strathdee G, Brown R. CpG island methylation of DNA damage response genes in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2005;65(19):8961-7.
[131] Khalifeh I, Munkarah AR, Schimp V, Morris R, Lawrence WD, Ali-Fehmi R. The impact of c-kit and ki-67 expression on patients prognosis in advanced ovarian serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2005;24(3):228-34.
[132] Treeck O, Kindzorra I, Pauser K, Treeck L, Ortmann O. Expression of icb-1 gene is interferon-gamma inducible in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines and affects the IFN gamma-response of SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Cytokine. 2005;32(3-4):137-42.
[133] Lotz K, Kellner T, Heitmann M, Nazarenko I, Noske A, Malek A, Gontarewicz A, Sch?fer R, Sers C. Suppression of the TIG3 tumor suppressor gene in human ovarian carcinomas is mediated via mitogen-activated kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Int J Cancer. 2005;116(6):894-902.
[134] Tamiolakis D, Kotini A, Venizelos J, Jivannakis T, Simopoulos C, Papadopoulos N. Prognostic significance of HLA-DR antigen in serous ovarian tumors. Clin Exp Med. 2003;3(2):113-8.
[135] Rangel LB, Agarwal R, Sherman-Baust CA, Mello-Coelho Vd, Pizer ES, Ji H, Taub DD, Morin PJ. Anomalous expression of the HLA-DR alpha and beta chains in ovarian and other cancers. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004;3(10):1021-7.
[136] Song J, Fadiel A, Edusa V, Chen Z, So J, Sakamoto H, Fishman DA, Naftolin F. Estradiol-induced ezrin overexpression in ovarian cancer: a new signaling domain for estrogen. Cancer Lett. 2005;220(1):57-65.
[137] Liu J, Yang G, Thompson-Lanza JA, Glassman A, Hayes K, Patterson A, Marquez RT, Auersperg N, Yu Y, Hahn WC, Mills GB, Bast RC Jr. A genetically defined model for human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64(5):1655-63.
[138] Zhou C, Liu J. Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression by BRCA1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;303(1):130-6.
[139] Hombach-Klonisch S, Kehlen A, Fowler PA, Huppertz B, Jugert JF, Bischoff G, Schl?ter E, Buchmann J, Klonisch T. Regulation of functional steroid receptors and ligand-induced responses in telomerase-immortalized human endometrial epithelial cells. J Mol Endocrinol. 2005;34(2):517-34.
[140] Mu?at M, Vax VV, Borboli N, Gueorguiev M, Bonner S, Korbonits M, Grossman AB. Cell cycle dysregulation in pituitary oncogenesis. Front Horm Res. 2004;32:34-62.
[141] Arcellana-Panlilio MY, Egeler RM, Ujack E, Magliocco A, Stuart GC, Robbins SM, Coppes MJ. Evidence of a role for the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;35(2):176-81.
[142] Mei FC, Young TW, Liu J, Cheng X. RAS-mediated epigenetic inactivation of OPCML in oncogenic transformation of human ovarian surface epithelial cells. FASEB J. 2006;20(3):497-9.
[143] Vlasova MA, Moshkovski? SA, Safarova MP, Makarov OV, Archakov AI. [Molecular diagnostics of ovarian cancer using proteome techniques]. Biomed Khim. 2005;51(4):367-83.
[144] Zhang Z, Bast RC Jr, Yu Y, Li J, Sokoll LJ, Rai AJ, Rosenzweig JM, Cameron B, Wang YY, Meng XY, Berchuck A, Van Haaften-Day C, Hacker NF, de Bruijn HW, van der Zee AG, Jacobs IJ, Fung ET, Chan DW. Three biomarkers identified from serum proteomic analysis for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64(16):5882-90.
[145] Gifford G, Paul J, Vasey PA, Kaye SB, Brown R. The acquisition of hMLHl methylation in plasma DNA after chemotherapy predicts poor survival for ovarian cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10(13): 4420-6.
[146] Arnold JM, Cummings M, Purdie D, Chenevix-Trench G. Reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(9):1351-8.
[147] Chan MW, Wei SH, Wen P, Wang Z, Matei DE, Liu JC, Liyanarachchi S, Brown R, Nephew KP, Yan PS, Huang TH. Hypermethylation of 18S and 28S ribosomal DNAs predicts progression-free survival in patients with ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(20):7376-83.
[148] Chamorro MN, Schwartz DR, Vonica A, Brivanlou AH, Cho KR, Varmus HE. FGF-20 and DKK1 are transcriptional targets of beta-catenin and FGF-20 is implicated in cancer and development. EMBO J. 2005;24(1):73-84.
[149] Chan QK, Khoo US, Chan KY, Ngan HY, Li SS, Chiu PM, Man LS, Ip PP, Xue WC, Cheung AN. Promoter methylation and differential expression of pi-class glutathione S-transferase in endometrial carcinoma. J Mol Diagn. 2005;7(1):8-16.
[150] Chan QK, Khoo US, Ngan HY, Yang CQ, Xue WC, Chan KY, Chiu PM, Ip PP, Cheung AN. Single nucleotide polymorphism of pi-class glutathione s-transferase and susceptibility to endometrial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(8):2981-5.
[151] Mandelin E, Lassus H, Sepp?l? M, Leminen A, Gustafsson JA, Cheng G, B?tzow R, Koistinen R. Glycodelin in ovarian serous carcinoma: association with differentiation and survival. Cancer Res. 2003;63(19):6258-64.
[152] Brustmann H. Expression of cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein in serous ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(1):268-76.
[153] Adib TR, Henderson S, Perrett C, Hewitt D, Bourmpoulia D, Ledermann J, Boshoff C. Predicting biomarkers for ovarian cancer using gene-expression microarrays. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(3):686-92.
[154] Maubant S, Cruet-Hennequart S, Dutoit S, Denoux Y, Crouet H, Henry-Amar M, Gauduchon P. Expression of alpha V-associated integrin beta subunits in epithelial ovarian cancer and its relation to prognosis in patients treated with platinum-based regimens. J Mol Histol. 2005;36(1-2):119-29.
[155] Hantke B, Harbeck N, Schmalfeldt B, Claes I, Hiller O, Luther MO, Welk A, Kuhn W, Schmitt M, Tschesche H, Muehlenweg B. Clinical relevance of matrix metalloproteinase-13 determined with a new highly specific and sensitive ELISA in ascitic fluid of advanced ovarian carcinoma patients. Biol Chem. 2003;384(8):1247-51.
[156] Wu JY, Vlastos AT, Pelte MF, Caligo MA, Bianco A, Krause KH, Laurent GJ, Irminger-Finger I. Aberrant expression of BARD1 in breast and ovarian cancers with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(5):1215-26.
[157] Rosen DG, Wang L, Atkinson JN, Yu Y, Lu KH, Diamandis EP, Hellstrom I, Mok SC, Liu J, Bast RC Jr. Potential markers that complement expression of CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99(2):267-77.
[158] Kishi T, Grass L, Soosaipillai A, Scorilas A, Harbeck N, Schmalfeldt B, Dorn J, Mysliwiec M, Schmitt M, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein 8, a novel biomarker for ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003;63(11):2771-4.
[159] Diamandis EP, Borgo?o CA, Scorilas A, Harbeck N, Dorn J, Schmitt M. Human kallikrein 11: an indicator of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(9):823-9.
[160] Scorilas A, Borgo?o CA, Harbeck N, Dorn J, Schmalfeldt B, Schmitt M, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein 13 protein in ovarian cancer cytosols: a new favorable prognostic marker. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(4):678-85.
[161] Borgo?o CA, Grass L, Soosaipillai A, Yousef GM, Petraki CD, Howarth DH, Fracchioli S, Katsaros D, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein 14: a new potential biomarker for ovarian and breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2003;63(24):9032-41.
[162] Bardin A, Moll F, Margueron R, Delfour C, Chu ML, Maudelonde T, Cavailles V, Pujol P. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of fibulin-1 by estrogens leads to differential induction of messenger ribonucleic acid variants in ovarian and breast cancer cells. Endocrinology. 2005;146(2):760-8.
[163] Karnani P, Kairemo K. The new Tie-1 monoclonal antibodies detect angiogenesis in metastatic malignancies. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 2):3827S-30S.
[164] Steinmetz R, Wagoner HA, Zeng P, Hammond JR, Hannon TS, Meyers JL, Pescovitz OH. Mechanisms regulating the constitutive activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in ovarian cancer and the effect of ribonucleic acid interference for ERK1/2 on cancer cell proliferation. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18(10):2570-82.
[165] Mobasheri A, Airley R, Hewitt SM, Marples D. Heterogeneous expression of the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) water channel in tumors of the prostate, breast, ovary, colon and lung: a study using high density multiple human tumor tissue microarrays. Int J Oncol. 2005;26(5):1149-58.
[166] Verkman AS. More than just water channels: unexpected cellular roles of aquaporins. J Cell Sci. 2005;118(Pt 15):3225-32.
[167] Heikkinen K, Mansikka V, Karppinen SM, Rapakko K, Winqvist R. Mutation analysis of the ATR gene in breast and ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7(4):R495-501.
[168] Sui L, Tokuda M, Ohno M, Hatase O, Hando T. The concurrent expression of p27(kip1) and cyclin D1 in epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73(2):202-9.
[169] Nishiyama R, Qi L, Tsumagari K, Weissbecker K, Dubeau L, Champagne M, Sikka S, Nagai H, Ehrlich M. A DNA repeat, NBL2, is hypermethylated in some cancers but hypomethylated in others. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4(4):4406-54.
[170] Iba T, Kigawa J, Kanamori Y, Itamochi H, Oishi T, Simada M, Uegaki K, Naniwa J, Terakawa N. Expression of the c-myc gene as a predictor of chemotherapy response and a prognostic factor in patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(5):418-23.
[171] Vanyushin BF. Enzymatic DNA methylation is an epigenetic control for genetic functions of the cell. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2005;70(5):488-99.
[172] Strathdee G, Sim A, Brown R. Control of gene expression by CpG island methylation in normal cells. Biochem Soc Trans. 2004;32(Pt 6):913-5.
[173] Ehrlich M. The controversial denouement of vertebrate DNA methylation research. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2005;70(5):568-75.
[174] Feinberg AP. Imprinting of a genomic domain of 11p15 and loss of imprinting in cancer: an introduction. Cancer Res. 1999;59(7 Suppl):1743s-1746s.
[175] Szyf M. DNA methylation and demethylation as targets for anticancer therapy. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2005;70(5):533-49.
[176] Jenuwein T, Allis CD. Translating the histone code. Science. 2001;293(5532):1074-80.
[177] Brasset E, Vaury C. Insulators are fundamental components of the eukaryotic genomes. Heredity (Edinb). 2005;94(6):571-6.
[178] Zhao H, Dean A. An insulator blocks spreading of histone acetylation and interferes with RNA polymerase II transfer between an enhancer and gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32(16):4903-19.
[179] Studitski? VM. Chromatin remodeling by RNA polymerase II. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2005;39(4):639-54.
[180] Gibbons RJ. Histone modifying and chromatin remodelling enzymes in cancer and dysplastic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14 Spec No 1:R85-92.
[181] Salozhin SV, Prokhorchuk EB, Georgiev GP. Methylation of DNA--one of the major epigenetic markers. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2005;70(5):525-32.
[182] Kanai Y, Ushijima S, Nakanishi Y, Hirohashi S. Reduced mRNA expression of the DNA demethylase, MBD2, in human colorectal and stomach cancers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;264(3):962-6.
[183] Baak JP, Path FR, Hermsen MA, Meijer G, Schmidt J, Janssen EA. Genomics and proteomics in cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(9):1199-215.
[184] Li J, Protopopov A, Wang F, Senchenko V, Petushkov V, Vorontsova O, Petrenko L, Zabarovska V, Muravenko O, Braga E, Kisselev L, Lerman MI, Kashuba V, Klein G, Ernberg I, Wahlestedt C, Zabarovsky ER. NotI subtraction and NotI-specific microarrays to detect copy number and methylation changes in whole genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(16):10724-9.
[185] Braga EA, Kiselev LL, Zabarovski? ER. [From identification of genomic polymorphism to diagnostic and prognostic markers of human epithelial tumors]. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2004;38(2):179-90.
[186] Landen CN, Klingelhutz A, Coffin JE, Sorosky JI, Sood AK. Genomic instability is associated with lack of telomerase activation in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004;3(12):1250-3.
[187] Welsh JB, Zarrinkar PP, Sapinoso LM, Kern SG, Behling CA, Monk BJ, Lockhart DJ, Burger RA, Hampton GM. Analysis of gene expression profiles in normal and neoplastic ovarian tissue samples identifies candidate molecular markers of epithelial ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(3):1176-81.
[188] Liu VW, Shi HH, Cheung AN, Chiu PM, Leung TW, Nagley P, Wong LC, Ngan HY. High incidence of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2001;61(16):5998-6001.
[189] Kusuda T, Shigemasa K, Arihiro K, Fujii T, Nagai N, Ohama K. Relative expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNA are independent prognostic factors in patients with ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep. 2005;13(6):1153-8.
[190] Nicosia SV, Bai W, Cheng JQ, Coppola D, Kruk PA. Oncogenic pathways implicated in ovarian epithelial cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2003;17(4):927-43.
[191] Kyo S, Kanaya T, Ishikawa H, Ueno H, Inoue M. Telomerase activity in gynecological tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2(12):2023-8.
[192] Lee H, Jiang F, Wang Q, Nicosia SV, Yang J, Su B, Bai W. MEKK1 activation of human estrogen receptor alpha and stimulation of the agonistic activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2000;14(11):1882-96.
[193] Kato S, Endoh H, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Uchiyama S, Sasaki H, Masushige S, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Kawashima H, Metzger D, Chambon P. Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science. 1995;270(5241):1491-4.
[194] Sheehan KM, Calvert VS, Kay EW, Lu Y, Fishman D, Espina V, Aquino J, Speer R, Araujo R, Mills GB, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF 3rd, Wulfkuhle JD. Use of reverse phase protein microarrays and reference standard development for molecular network analysis of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2005;4(4):346-55.
[195] Bell DA. Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer. Mod Pathol. 2005;18 Suppl 2:S19-32.
[196] Bapat SA, Mali AM, Koppikar CB, Kurrey NK. Stem and progenitor-like cells contribute to the aggressive behavior of human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2005;65(8):3025-9.
[197] Mencher SK, Wang LG. Promiscuous drugs compared to selective drugs (promiscuity can be a virtue). BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2005;5:3.
[198] Norman KL, Lee PW. Not all viruses are bad guys: the case for reovirus in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10(12):847-55.
[199] Brown JR, Sanseau P. A computational view of microRNAs and their targets. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10(8):595-601.
[200] Il'inskaia ON, Makarov AA. [Why ribonucleases cause death of cancer cells]. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2005;39(1):3-13.