Biopolym. Cell. 2003; 19(3):216-223.
Reviews
Trichothecene micotoxins: determination in environment
1Artyukh V. P., 1Goister O. S., 2Khmelnitsky G. A., 1Starodub N. F.
  1. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine
    9, Leontovycha Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 01601
  2. National Agrarian University UAAN
    15, Heroyev Oborony Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03041

Abstract

The basic methods of identification of trichothecene toxins are described in the review including biomethods, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, immuno-enzyme assay (ELISA), gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry. The future trends of development of the instrumental methods based on new technological decisions are briefly discussed regarding mycotoxins determination.

References

[1] Committee on protection against mycotoxins. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Protection. Against Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Washington: Nat. Acad, press, 1983. 127 p.
[2] Ciegler A. Mycotoxins: occurrence, chemistry, biological activity. Lloydia. 1975;38(1):21-35.
[3] Ciegler A, Bennett JW. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. BioScience. 1980;30(8):512–5.
[4] Cole RJ, Cox RH. The trichothecenes. Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolite. Eds R. J. Cole, R. H. Cox. New York: Acad, press, 1981: 152-263.
[5] Bamburg JR, Riggs NV, Strong FM. The structures of toxins from two strains of Fusarium tricinctum. Tetrahedron. 1968;24(8):3329-36.
[6] Sirkisov AKh. Mycotoxicoses. M.: Izd GISHL. 1954; 216 p.
[7] Bhat VR, Ramakrishna J, Sashidhar RB. Outbreak of mycotoxicosis in Kashmir Valley. Nutr News India. 1989; 10(1):1-3.
[8] Jim?nez M, Mateo JJ, Mateo R. Determination of type A trichothecenes by high-performance liquid chromatography with coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride derivatisation and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A. 2000;870(1-2):473-81.
[9] Omurtag GZ, Yazicio?lu D. Determination of T-2 toxin in grain and grain products by HPLC and TLC. J Environ Sci Health B. 2000;35(6):797-807.
[10] Methodological guidelines for determining the toxicity of crops and products affected by fungi of the genus Fusarium sectionSporotrichiella. M: Izd MZ SSSR, 1978; 5 p.
[11] Wannemacher RW Jr, Bunner DL, Neufeld HA. Toxicity of trichothecenes and other related mycotoxins in laboratory animals. Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. Eds J. E. Smith, R. S. Henderson. Boca Raton: CRC press, 1991. P. 499-552.
[12] Hayes MA, Schiefer HB. A method for accurate measurement of cutaneous irritancy of trichothecenes. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1990;10(3):103-5.
[13] Shlosberg AS, Klinger Y, Malkinson MH. Muscovy ducklings, a particularly sensitive avian bioassay for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Avian Dis. 1986;30(4):820-4.
[14] Rotter BA, Thompson BK, Prelusky DB, Trenholm HL. Evaluation of potential interactions involving trichothecene mycotoxins using the chick embryotoxicity bioassay. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1991;21(4):621-4.
[15] Segal R, Milo-Goldzweig I, Joffe AZ, Yagen B. Trichothecene-induced hemolysis. I. The hemolytic activity of T-2 toxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983;70(3):343-9.
[16] Leal M, Shimada A, Ru?z F, Gonz?lez de Mej?a E. Effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and glutathione-dependent enzymes induced by T-2 toxin in vivo. Toxicol Lett. 1999;109(1-2):1-10.
[17] M?zes M, Barta M, Nagy G. Comparative investigation on the effect of T-2 mycotoxin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in different poultry species. Res Vet Sci. 1999;66(1):19-23.
[18] Atroshi F, Rizzo A, Sankari S, Biese I, Westermarck T, Veijalainen P. Liver enzyme activities of rats exposed to ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin with antioxidants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000;64(4):586-92.
[19] Shokri F, Heidari M, Gharagozloo S, Ghazi-Khansari M. In vitro inhibitory effects of antioxidants on cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin. Toxicology. 2000;146(2-3):171-6. PubMed PMID: 8167951.
[20] Rotter BA, Thompson BK, Clarkin S, Owen TC. Rapid colorimetric bioassay for screening of Fusarium mycotoxins. Nat Toxins. 1993;1(5):303-7.
[21] Thuvander A, Wikman C, Gadhasson I. In vitro exposure of human lymphocytes to trichothecenes: individual variation in sensitivity and effects of combined exposure on lymphocyte function. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37(6):639-48. PubMed PMID: 11040865.
[22] Widestrand J, Lundh T, Pettersson H, Lindberg JE. Cytotoxicity of four trichothecenes evaluated by three colorimetric bioassays. Mycopathologia. 1999;147(3):149-55.
[23] Methodical instructions for quantification of T-2 toxin in grain and animal feed. Glavnoye upravleniye veterinarii Gosagroproma SSSR. M, 1987. 11 p.
[24] Boltianskaia EV, Kuvaeva IB, Kroiakova EA. [Screening of yeast strains sensitive to toxin T-2]. Vopr Pitan. 1988;(6):67-8. PubMed PMID: 11122536.
[25] Binder J. A yeast bioassay for trichothecenes. Nat Toxins. 1999;7(6):401-6.
[26] Madhyastha MS, Marquardt RR, Abramson D. Structure-activity relationships and interactions among trichothecene mycotoxins as assessed by yeast bioassay. Toxicon. 1994;32(9):1147-52.
[27] Kotik AN, Trufanova VA. Determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in feed and fungal culture method bioavtograficheskim. Tr Vsesoyuz in-ta zerna i produktov yego pererabotki. 1987;65:127-30.
[28] Kotik AN, Trufanova VA. [A bioautographic method of analyzing trichothecene mycotoxins in grain and its products]. Gig Sanit. 1989;(9):53-4.
[29] Engler KH, Coker R, Evans IH. A novel colorimetric yeast bioassay for detecting trichothecene mycotoxins. J Microbiol Methods. 1999;35(3):207-18.
[30] Engler KH, Coker RD, Evans IH. Uptake of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin by two mycotoxin bioassay microorganisms: Kluyveromyces marxianus and Bacillus megaterium. Arch Microbiol. 2000;174(6):381-5.
[31] Cahill LM, Kruger SC, McAlice BT, Ramsey CS, Prioli R, Kohn B. Quantification of deoxynivalenol in wheat using an immunoaffinity column and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 1999;859(1):23-8.
[32] Razzazi-Fazeli E, B?hm J, Luf W. Determination of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in wheat using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. J Chromatogr A. 1999;854(1-2):45-55.
[33] Yagen B, Bialer M, Sintov A. Gas chromatographic assay with pharmacokinetic applications for monitoring T-2 and HT-2 toxins in plasma. J Chromatogr. 1985;343(1):67-75.
[34] Tutelyan VA, Eller KS, Sobolev VS. Methodological guidelines for detection, identification and determination of the content of T-2 toxin and food and food raw materials. M., 1984; 9 p.
[35] Schothorst R., Jekel A. Determination of trichothecenes in wheat by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. Food Chemistry. 2001;73(1):111–7.
[36] Chu FS, Grossman S, Wei RD, Mirocha CJ. Production of antibody against T-2 toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979;37(1):104-8.
[37] Lee S, Chu FS. Radioimmunoassay of T-2 toxin in corn and wheat. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1981;64(1):156-61.
[38] Gendloff EH, Pestka JJ, Swanson SP, Hart LP. Detection of T-2 toxin in Fusarium sporotrichioides-infected corn by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984;47(5):1161-3.
[39] Hunter KW Jr, Brimfield AA, Miller M, Finkelman FD, Chu SF. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985;49(1):168-72.
[40] Fan TSL, Zhang GS, Chu FS. An indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for T-2 toxin in biological fluids. J Food Protec. 1984; 47(12): 964-7.
[41] Kononenko GP, Burkin AA, Soboleva NA, Zotova EV. Enzyme immunoassay method for the determination of T-2 toxin in contaminated grain. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 1999; 35(4):457-62.
[42] Ramakrishna N, Lacey J, Candlish AA, Smith JE, Goodbrand IA. Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A in barley. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1990;73(1):71-6.
[43] Ligler FS, Bredehorst R, Talebian A, Shriver LC, Hammer CF, Sheridan JP, Vogel CW, Gaber BP. A homogeneous immunoassay for the mycotoxin T-2 utilizing liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, and complement. Anal Biochem. 1987;163(2):369-75.
[44] Mirocha CJ, Panthre SV, Pawlosky RJ, Hewetson DW. Mass spectra of selected trichothecenes. Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structure Elucidation of Mycotoxins. Ed. R. J. Cole. New York: Acad, press, 1986: 353-392.
[45] Vesonder RF, Rohwedder WK. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of mycotoxins. Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structure Elucidation of Mycotoxins. Ed. R. J. Cole. New York: Acad, press, 1986: 335-352.
[46] Omurtag GZ, Yazicio?lu D. Occurrence of T-2 toxin in processed cereals and pulses in Turkey determined by HPLC and TLC. Food Addit Contam. 2001;18(9):844-9.
[47] Tanaka T, Yoneda A, Inoue S, Sugiura Y, Ueno Y. Simultaneous determination of trichothecene mycotoxins and zearalenone in cereals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2000;882(1-2):23-8.
[48] Kostiainen R, Matsuura K, Nojima K. Identification of trichothecenes by frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography—high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1991;538(2):323–30.
[49] Nielsen KF, Thrane U. Fast methods for screening of trichothecenes in fungal cultures using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2001;929(1-2):75-87.
[50] Mullett W, Lai EP, Yeung JM. Immunoassay of fumonisins by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Anal Biochem. 1998;258(2):161-7.