Biopolym. Cell. 2021; 37(4):278-288.
Molecular and Cell Biotechnologies
Inverted terminal repeats from adeno-associated virus-2 enhance the expression of the chimeric E2 glycoprotein gene of classical swine fever virus
1Pokholenko Ia. O., 1Buchek P. V., 1Drahulian M. V., 1Kordium V. A.
  1. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
    150, Akademika Zabolotnoho Str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03143

Abstract

Aim. To assess the effect of insertion of inverted terminal repeats from human adeno-associated virus-2 into plasmid vector on the expression of the chimeric E2 glycoprotein gene of classical swine fever virus and immunogenicity of the developed candidate marker DNA-vaccines against classical swine fever. Methods. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blot analysis were used to study chimeric protein expression in HEK293 cells. The antibodies specific to E2 of classical swine fever virus were detected by ELISA. Results. We show that the insertion of inverted terminal repeats into a plasmid vector results in considerable enhancement of the chimeric E2 expression in HEK293 in vitro. At the same time, it does not significantly influence in vitro transgene retention. The vector containing inverted terminal repeats from human adeno-associated virus-2 elicits anti-E2 antibodies titer significantly higher as compared to the initial vector without repeats. Conclusions. The insertion of inverted terminal repeats from human adeno-associated virus-2 into the candidate marker DNA-vaccine against classical swine fever results in a significant increase of the chimeric transgene expression and humoral immune response.
Keywords: marker DNA-vaccine, classical swine fever, ITR AAV-2, humoral immune response

References

[1] Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, et al. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Research. 2020;289:198151.
[2] Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):154.
[3] Gary EN, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines: prime time is now. Current Opinion in Immunology. 2020 1 August;65:21-7.
[4] Pokholenko IA, Ruban TA, Sukhorada OM, Deriabin OM, Tytok TG, Kordium VA. The development of DNA-vaccine against classical swine fever. Biopolym Cell. 2007;23(2):93-9.
[5] Current protocols in molecular biology, Eds M Ausubel, R Brent, RE Kingston, DD Moore, JG Seidman, JA Smith, K Struhl. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997;1: 1.7.9-1.7.10.
[6] Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual by T. Maniatis, E F Fritsch and J Sambrook. 2nd ed.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. 1989. 625p
[7] Toporova OK, Novikova SN, Lihacheva LI, Suhorada OM, Ruban TA, Kozel JA, et al. Non-viral gene delivery of human apoA1 into mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Biopolym Cell. 2004;20(1-2):25-32.
[8] Denizot F, Lang R. Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival. Modifications to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliability. J Immunol Methods. 1986;89(2):271-7.
[9] Baumstark-Khan C, Palm M, Wehner J, Okabe M, Ikawa M, Horneck G. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a Marker for Cell Viability After UV Irradiation. J Fluoresc. 1999; 9(1):37-43.
[10] Chazotte B. Labeling Nuclear DNA with Hoechst 33342. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011;2011(1):pdb.prot5557.
[11] Greenspan P, Mayer EP, Fowler SD. Nile Red: a selective fluorescent stain for intracellular lipid droplets. The J Cell Biol. 1985; 100(3):965-73.
[12] Aldridge GM, Podrebarac DM, Greenough WT, Weiler IJ. The use of total protein stains as loading controls: an alternative to high-abundance single protein controls in semi-quantitative immunoblotting. J Neurosci Methods. 2008;172(2):250-4.
[13] Lowrie DB, Whalen R, editors. DNA vaccines: methods and protocols. Humana Press; 2000 . (Methods in Molecular Medicine). https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780896035805
[14] Williams JA. Vector design for improved DNA vaccine efficacy, safety and production. Vaccines (Basel). 2013;1(3):225-49.
[15] Mallapaty S. India's DNA COVID Vaccine Is a World First - More Are Coming. Nature. 2021; 597(7875):161-62.
[16] Xin K-Q, Ooki T, Jounai N, Mizukami H, Hamajima K, Kojima Y, et al. A DNA vaccine containing inverted terminal repeats from adeno-associated virus increases immunity to HIV. J Gene Med. 2003;5(5):438-45.
[17] Manning WC, Paliard X, Zhou S, Pat Bland M, Lee AY, Hong K, et al. Genetic immunization with adeno-associated virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins B and D. J Virol. 1997;71(10):7960-2.
[18] Marques ETA, Chikhlikar P, de Arruda LB, Leao IC, Lu Y, Wong J, et al. HIV-1 p55Gag encoded in the lyso-some-associated membrane protein-1 as a DNA plasmid vaccine chimera is highly expressed, traffics to the major histocompatibility class II compartment, and elicits enhanced immune responses. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(39):37926-36.
[19] Chikhlikar P, Barros de Arruda L, Agrawal S, Byrne B, Guggino W, August JT, et al. Inverted terminal repeat sequences of adeno-associated virus enhance the antibody and CD8(+) responses to a HIV-1 p55Gag/LAMP DNA vaccine chimera. Virology. 2004;323(2):220-32.
[20] Wilmott P, Lisowski L, Alexander IE, Logan GJ. A User's Guide to the Inverted Terminal Repeats of Adeno-Associated Virus. Human Gene Therapy Methods. 2019;30(6):206-13.
[21] Zhu E, Wu H, Chen W, Qin Y, Liu J, Fan S, Ma S, Wu K, Mao Q, Luo C, Qin Y, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Chen J. Classical swine fever virus employs the PERK- and IRE1-dependent autophagy for viral replication in cultured cells. Virulence. 2021;12(1):130-49.
[22] Vuono EA, Ramirez-Medina E, Azzinaro P, Berggren KA, Rai A, Pruitt S, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Borca MV, Gladue DP. SERTA domain containing protein 1 (SERTAD1) interacts with classical swine fever virus structural glycoprotein E2, which is involved in virus virulence in swine. Viruses. 2020; 12(4):421.
[23] van Rijn PA, Miedema GK, Wensvoort G, van Gennip HG, Moormann R.J. Antigenic structure of envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus. J Virol. 1994; 68(6):3934-3942.
[24] Lorenzo E, Méndez L, Rodríguez E, Gonzalez N, Cabrera G, Pérez C, Pimentel R, Sordo Y, Molto MP, Sardina T, Rodríguez-Mallon A, Estrada MP. Plasticity of the HEK-293 Cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus. AMB Express 2019; 9(1):139.
[25] Zhang H, Chen Z, Du M, Li Y, Chen Y. Enhanced gene transfection efficiency by low-dose 25 kDa polyethylenimine by the assistance of 1.8 kDa polyethylenimine. Drug Deliv. 2018;25(1):1740-5.
[26] Schnepp BC, Clark KR, Klemanski DL, Pacak CA, Johnson PR. Genetic fate of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector genomes in muscle. J Virol. 2003r;77(6):3495-504.